xlvi, 619 p., [172] : 28 cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes Introducing psychology -- 1. Introduction and research methods -- Influence of philosophy and physiology -- Wilhelm Wundt : the founder of psychology -- Edward B. Titchener : structuralism -- William James : functionalism -- Sigmund Freud : psychoanalysis -- John B. Watson : behaviorism -- Carl Rogers : humanistic psychology -- The scientific method -- Naturalistic observation : the science of people- and animal-watching -- The experimental method -- The Gingko Biloba experiment -- The Hotel experiment -- Ethics and psychological research -- Psychobiological processes -- 2. Neuroscience and behavior -- The neuron : basic unit of communication -- Neurotransmitters and their effects -- How drugs affect synaptic transmission -- The nervous system and the endocrine system : communication throughout the body -- A guided tour of the brain -- The dynamic brain : plasticity and neurogenesis -- The brainstem : hindbrain and midbrain structures -- The forebrain -- Specialization in the cerebral hemispheres -- Language and the left hemisphere : the early work of Broca and Wernicke -- Cutting the corpus callosum : the split brain -- 3. Sensation and perception -- Basic principles of sensation -- Vision : from light to sight -- What we see : the nature of light -- How we see : the human visual system -- Color vision -- Hearing : from vibration to sound -- What we hear : the nature of sound -- The path of sound -- The chemical and body senses : smell, taste, touch, and position -- The skin and body senses -- Perception -- Perception of shape -- Depth perception -- Perception of motion -- Perceptual constancies -- Perceptual illusions -- The Müller-Lyer illusion -- The moon illusion -- Effects of experience on perceptual interpretations -- 4. Consciousness and its variations -- Consciousness : experiencing the private "I" -- Biological and environmental "clocks" that regulate consciousness -- The suprachiasmatic nucleus : the body's clock -- Circadian rhythms and sunlight : the 24.2-hour day -- Sleep -- The onset of sleep and hypnagogic hallucinations -- Dreams and mental activity during sleep -- Sleep and memory formation -- Dream themes and imagery -- The significance of dreams -- Sleep disorders -- Insomnia -- Obstructive sleep apnea : blocked breathing -- Narcolepsy -- The parasomnias -- Hypnosis -- Meditation -- Psychoactive drugs -- The depressants : alcohol, barbiturates, inhalants, and tranquilizers -- The opiates : from poppies to Demerol -- The stimulants : caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine -- Psychedelic drugs : mescaline, LSD, and marijuana -- Designer "club" drugs : ecstasy and the dissociative anesthetic drugs -- Basic psychological processes -- 5. Learning -- Classical conditioning : associating stimuli -- From Pavlov to Watson : the founding of behaviorism -- Conditioned emotional reactions -- Contemporary views of classical conditioning -- Cognitive aspects of classical conditioning : reliable signals -- Evolutionary aspects of classical conditioning : biological predispositions to learn -- Operant conditioning : associating behaviors and consequences -- Thorndike and Law of Effect -- B.F. Skinner and the search for "order in behavior" -- Reinforcement -- Punishment -- Discriminative stimuli -- Shaping and maintaining behavior -- Contemporary views of operant conditioning -- Cognitive aspects -- Learned helplessness : expectations of failure and learning to quit -- Operant conditioning and biological predispositions -- Observational learning in animals -- 6. Memory -- Stage model of memory -- Sensory memory -- Short-term, working memory -- Long-term memory -- Retrieval : getting information from long -term memory -- Retrieval cues -- Encoding specificity principle -- Flashbulb memories -- Forgetting : when retrieval fails -- Hermann Ebbinghaus : the forgetting curve -- Imperfect memories : errors, distortions, and false memories -- The search for the biological basis of memory -- Search for the elusive memory trace -- The role of neurons in long-term memory -- Processing memories in the brain : clues from amnesia -- 7. Thinking, language, and intelligence -- The building blocks of thought : mental imagery and concepts -- Solving problems and making decisions -- Language and thought -- The characteristics of language -- Animal communication : can animals learn language? -- Measuring intelligence -- Development of intelligence tests -- Nature of intelligence -- Theories of intelligence -- The roles of genetics and environment in determining intelligence -- Cross-culture studies of group discrimination and IQ differences -- 8. Motivation and emotion -- Motivation concepts and theories -- Instinct theories -- Drive theories -- Incentive motivation -- Arousal theory -- Humanistic theory -- Biological motivation : hunger and eating -- Energy homeostasis -- Excess weight and obesity -- Human sexuality -- The stages of human sexual response -- Psychological needs as motivators -- Maslow's hierarchy of needs -- Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory -- Competence and achievement motivation -- Emotion -- Functions of emotion -- Subjective experience of emotion -- Neuroscience of emotion -- Expression of emotion : making faces -- Theories of emotion : explaining emotion -- The James-Lange theory of emotion -- Cognitive theories of emotion -- Closing theories : motivation and emotion -- The development of self -- 9. Lifespan development -- Introduction : your life story -- Genetic contributions to your life story -- Your unique genotype -- Prenatal development -- The germinal and embryonic periods -- Prenatal brain development -- The fetal period -- Development during infancy and childhood -- Physical development -- Social and personality development -- Language development -- Gender-role development -- Gender differences in childhood behavior -- Cognitive development -- Adolescence -- Physical and sexual development -- social development -- Identity formation : Erikson's theory of psychosocial development -- The development of moral reasoning -- Adult development -- Physical changes -- Social development -- Late adulthood and aging -- Cognitive changes -- Social development -- The final chapter : dying and death -- 10. Personality -- The person in social context -- Introduction : what is personality? -- The psychoanalytic perspective on personality -- Life of Sigmund Freud -- Freud's dynamic theory of personality -- Personality development : the psychosexual stages -- The Neo-Freudians : Freud's descendants and dissenters -- Evaluating Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective on personality -- the humanistic perspective on personality -- Emergence of the "thrid force" -- Carl Rogers : on becoming a person -- The social cognitive perspective on personality -- Albert Bandura and social cognitive theory -- The trait perspective on personality -- Surface traits and source traits -- Two representative trait theories : Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck -- The five-factor model -- Personality traits and behavioral genetics -- Assessing personality : psychological tests -- Projective tests -- Self-report inventories -- 11. Social psychology -- Psychological problems, disorders, and treatment -- Introduction : what is social psychology? -- Person perception : forming impressions of other people -- Social categorization -- Attribution : explaining behavior -- Self-serving bias -- The social psychology of attitudes -- Effect of attitudes on behavior -- Effect of behavior on attitudes -- Understanding prejudice -- From stereotypes to prejudice -- Conformity : following the crowd -- Factors influencing conformity -- Culture and conformity -- Obedience : just following orders -- Milgram's original obedience experiment -- Conditions that under mine obedience -- Asch, Milgram, and the real world : implications of the classic social influence studies -- Helping behavior : coming to the aid of strangers -- 12. Stress, health, and coping -- Introduction : what is stress? -- Sources of stress -- Physical effects of stress : the mind-body connection -- Stress and the endocrine system -- Stress and the immune system -- Individual factors that influence the response to stress -- Coping : how people deal with stress -- Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping -- Culture and coping strategies -- 13. Psychological disorders -- Introduction : understanding psychological disorders -- Anxiety disorders : intense apprehension and worry -- Generalized anxiety disorder -- Panic attacks and panic disorders -- The phobias -- Post-traumatic stress disorder -- Obsessive-compulsive disorder -- Mood disorders : emotions gone awry -- Major depression -- Bipolar disorder -- Eating disorders : anorexia and bulimia -- Personality disorders : maladaptive traits -- Paranoid personality disorder -- Antisocial personality disorder -- Borderline personality disorder : chaos and emptiness -- The dissociative disorders : fragmentation of the self -- Dissociative amnesia and fugue : forgetting and wandering -- Dissociative identity disorder : multiple personalities -- Schizophrenia : a different reality -- Symptoms -- Types -- Prevalence and course -- 14. Therapies -- Introduction : psychotherapy and biomedical therapy -- Psychoanalytic therapy -- Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis -- Short-term dynamic therapies -- Humanistic therapy -- Carl Rogers and client-centered therapy -- Behavior therapy -- Techniques based on classical conditioning -- Techniques based on operant conditioning -- Cognitive therapies -- Albert Ellis and rational-emotive therapy -- Aaron Beck and cognitive therapy -- Cognitive-behavioral therapy -- Group and family therapy -- Group therapy -- Family and couple therapy -- Evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy -- Biomedical therapies -- Antipsychotic medications -- Antianxiety medications -- Lithium -- Antidepressant medications -- Electroconvulsive therapy -- Appendix A. Statistics : understanding data -- Descriptive statistics -- Inferential statistics -- Appendix B. Industrial/organizational psychology -- Job analysis -- Personnel selection -- Organizational behavior -- Job satisfaction -- Leadership -- Workplace trends and issues -- Workforce diversity -- Telework and telecommuting -- Internet recruiting -- Work-life balance -- Employment settings, type of training, earnings, and employment outlook -- Appendix C. APA goals and outcomes