CONTENTS Preface vii-viii Contents ix-xiv List of Illustrations xv-xviii CHAPTER I Introduction The Lure of the Labyrinth — Difficulties of Definition — The Subject and Object of this Book — The Lore of the Labyrinth — Some NegleCted British Monuments — Destructive Dogmatism : a Plea for Caution 1-5 CHAPTER II The Egyptian Labyrinth (i) Accounts of the Ancient Writers Enormous Edifices of Egypt — Herodotus : his Account of the Labyrinth, its Vastness and Complexity, and its Lake — Strabo's Description — The Sacred Crocodiles — Accounts of Diodorus, Pomponius Mela, and Pliny 6-10 CHAPTER III The Egyptian Labyrinth (continued) (ii) Accounts of Later Explorers Decay of the Labyrinth — Travels of Lucas and Pococke — French and Prussian Expeditions — Researches of Flinders Petrie — Speculations regarding Original Plan — Purpose and Date of Construction 11-16 CHAPTER IV The Cretan Labyrinth (i) The Story of Theseus and the Minotaur Plutarch's Life of Theseus ; the Cretan Exploit — The Athenian Tribute — The Labyrinth of Daedalus — The Clue of Ariadne — The Fight with the Minotaur — The Crane Dance — Tragedies of the Hero's Return — Other Accounts of the Legend — Speculations concerning Minos and Daedalus 17-22 CHAPTER V The Cretan Labyrinth (continued) (ii) The Caverns of Gortyna Statements by Later Classic Writers — Toumefort's Voyage — Visits of Pococke and Savary — Cockerell's Diary — Travels of Capt Spratt — Connexion of Gortyna Caverns with Traditional Labyrinth very improbable. 23-28 CHAPTER VI The Cretan Labyrinth ( continued) (iii) Knossos Explorations of Sir Arthur Evans — Momentous Discoveries — Unearthing of the Palaces — Their Antiquity — Description of the Great Palace — The Maze on the Wall — The Hall of the Double Axes — The Cult of the Bull — Schliemann's Researches — The Sport of Bull-Leaping — Possible Identity of the Palace with the Labyrinth 29-36 CHAPTER VII The Etruscan or Italian Labyrinth Other Labyrinths mentioned by Pliny — Varro's Description of the Etruscan Labyrinth ; the tomb of Lars Porsena— Speculations regarding it — Travels of Dennis — Labyrinthine Caverns in Etruria ; Volterra and Toscanella — Extended use of the term "Labyrinth" by Strabo and Pliny — Reference to Mazes formed in Fields for Amusement 37-41 CHAPTER VIII The Labyrinth in Ancient Art The Meander and other Rudimentary Forms — Seal-impressions — Coins of Knossos — "Unicursal" Nature of the Knossian Design — Graffito of Pompeii — The Casa del Labirinto — Roman Mosaic Pavements — The Tholos of Epidaurus— Labyrinthine Stra&ure at Tiryns — Greek Pottery — Etruscan Vase — The Labyrinth on Gems and Robes 42—53 CHAPTER IX Church Labyrinths Algeria, Orleansville — Italy: Lucca, Pavia, Piacenza, Cremona, Rome and Ravenna — France: Chartres, St Quentin, Amiens, Rheims, Bayeuz, Sens, Auxerre, Arras, St Omer, Poitiers, Chalons, Pont l'Abb£, Caen and Aix — Modem examples : Lille, Ely, Bourn and Alkborough — Meaning of Church Labyrinths — Lack of Support for Accepted Theory 54 - 70 CHAPTER X Turf Labyrinths Local Names — The Alkborough "Julian's Bower" — Juxtaposition to Ancient Ecclesiastical Site — A Fragment of Folk-lore — De la Pryme's Diary — The Breamore Mizmaze — Romantic Situation — The Wing Maze — The Boughton Green Shepherd's Race — Its Literary References — A Victim of the Great War — Mazes of Ripon and Asenby — The Song of the Fairies — Other Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Mazes — Stukeley on Julian's Bowers — Wide Distribution of British Turf Mazes 71-78 CHAPTER XI Turf Labyrinths ( continued) The Winchester Mizmaze — The Vanished Mazes of Dorset : Leigh, Pimpeme, Dorchester and Bere Regis — Aubrey's Notes on Wiltshire and Cotswold Mazes — The Saffron Walden Maze — The Comberton "Mazles" — The Hilton Maze and its Obelisk — The Cumberland "Walls of Troy" : Burgh and RockclifFe — The Nottingham Mazes: Sneinton and Clifton — The Somerton "Troytown" — Records of Old Mazes at Guildford, the Malveras, and in Kent — "Julaber's Barrow" 79-91 CHAPTER XII The Origin of Turf Mazes An old Welsh Custom — "Troy" or "Turnings" — Dr. Trollope on the Ecclesiastical Origin of Turf Mazes — The Welsh Figure — Criticism of the Ecclesiastical View — "Treading the Maze" in Tudor Times — Shakespearean References— Alchemy and the Labyrinth of Solomon — Figure in a Greek Monastery — Heraldic Labyrinths — The Question of the Roman Origin of Turf Mazes 92-99 CHAPTER XIII The Floral Labyrinth and the Dwarf-Shrub Maze The Dwarf Box — Its use by Tudor and Roman Gardeners — Floral Labyrinths by De Vries — Some Quaint Horticultural Books : Parkinson, Estienne, Hill, and Lawson — Designs of Islip and Commelyn — "Queen Mary's Bower" 100-109 CHAPTER XIV The Topiary Labyrinth, or Hedge Maze Topiary work of the Romans — Pliny's "Hippodromus" — Dubious Mediaeval References — Rosamond's Bower — Early French "Daedales" — Mazes painted by Holbein and Tintoretto — Du Cerceau's Sketches — Elizabethan Mazes: Theobalds and Hatfield — Versailles and other Famous Labyrinths of France — Some German Designs — Belgian, Spanish, Italian and Dutch Mazes — William III and his Gardeners 110-127 CHAPTER XV The Topiary Labyrinth, or Hedge Maze (continued) Hampton Court: the Maze and the Little Maze — Other English Mazes of the Period — Batty Langley and Stephen Switzer — Allegorical Labyrinth of Anhalt — A Wimbledon Maze — The Mazes of Westminster and Southwark 128-136 CHAPTER XVI The Topiary Labyrinth, or Hedge Maze (continued) Latter-day Developments Decline of the Hedge-Maze Vogue — Mazes in "Pleasure Gardens" : North London, South London — Modern Mazes in Essex, Suffolk, Cheshire, Lincolnshire, and Gloucestershire — -Some Modem Continental Mazes— The Case For and Against the Hedge Maze 137-146 CHAPTER XVII Stone Labyrinths and Rock Engravings The Stone Labyrinths of Finland — Their Local Traditions and Nomenclature — Their Antiquity — Aubrey's Acute Observation — Some Maze-like Rock Engravings in England, Ireland, and Brittany — A Curious Discovery in Arizona and a Spanish Manuscript — American Indians and the Cretan Labyrinth — Another Indian Pictograph — Zulu Mazes — Distribution of Labyrinth Cult 147-155 CHAPTER XVIII The Dance or Game of Troy "Troy" in Labyrinth Names — An old French Reference — The Vase of Tragliatella — -Virgil's Account of the Troy Game — The Delian Crane-Dance — Knossos and Troy — Ariadne's Dance — Spring-Rites — Sympathetic Magic — Sword and Morris Dances — Troy-dances in Mediaeval Germany and in Modem Serbia — Preservation of the English Traditions 156-163 CHAPTER XIX The Bower of "Fair Rosamond" "Fair Rosamond," Henry, and Eleanor — The Dagger or the Bowl— History of the Legend — Accounts of Brompton and Higden — Delone's Ballad — Rosamond in Verse and Prose — Her Epitaph — A Question of Taste — Late Remains of the Bower — A Modem Play — Rosamond's Alleged Portrait 164-169 CHAPTER XX Maze Etymology The Question of Definition again — Bowers and Julian-Bowers — What was a Bower and who was Julian ? — The Labyrinth and the Double Axe — Chaucer and the Maze — Metaphorical Labyrinths — -The Labyrinth in Scientific Nomenclature — The Meanings of "Maze" — Troytowns and the New Troy 170-181 CHAPTER XXI Labyrinth Design and the Solution of Mazes The Need of a Definition — Practical Limitations — Classification of Mazes and Labyrinths — Unicursal and Multicursal, Compact and Diffuse Types — Modes of Branching — Straight-line Diagrams — Speculations on the Knossian Figure — Hints on Maze Design — Principles of Maze Solution — A Word on Mnemonics — Harris at Hampton Court 182-192 CHAPTER XXII The Labyrinth in Literature Romance, Mystery, and Allegory — Labyrinthine Book Titles — Some Literary Monstrosities — Spiritual and Theological Labyrinths — Love, Labyrinths, and Anonymity — The Labyrinth in Modern Book Titles — Emblems — Melancholy Meditations in the Maze 193-200 CHAPTER XXIII Miscellanea and Conclusion A Maze Collector — The Labyrinth in Queer Places — The Maze on Paper and on the Sands — Mirror Mazes — A Temporary Hedge Maze — Maze Toys — A Verbal Labyrinth — The Maze in Place-names — A Plea for the Preservation of some Ancient Monuments 201-215 Bibliographical Appendix 215-235 Index 237-254 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Maze at Hatfield, Herts. (Photo, G. F. Green) Frontispiece 1. Egyptian Labyrinth. Portion of Ruins, circ. 1700. (P. Lucas) facing page 12 2. Egyptian Labyrinth. Shrine of Amenemhat III. (Flinders Petrie) f.p. 14 3. Egyptian Labyrinth. Restored Plan. (Canina) 15 4. Egyptian Labyrinth. Restored Plan. (Flinders Petrie) 16 5. Cretan Labyrinth. (Florentine Picture Chronicle) f.p. 18 6. Cretan Labyrinth. (Italian Engraving: School of Finiguerra) 21 7. Cavern of Gortyna. (Sieber) f.p. 28 8. Knossos. Maze-pattern on Wall of Palace. (After Evans) 32 9. Double-Axe and Socket from Dictaean Cave. (Evans) f.p. 31 10. Tomb of Double Axes. Plan. (Evans) 33 11. Tomb of Double Axes. View of the Cist (Evans) f.p. 33 12. Bronze Double Axe from Tomb of Double Axes. (Evans) f.p. 43 13. Tomb of Lars Porsena at Clusium. Restoration. (Q. de Quincy) f.p. 38 14. Poggio Cajella. Labyrinthine Cemetery. (Dennis) f.p. 40 15. 16, 17, 18. Early Egyptian Seals and Plaques. (British Museum) f.p. 43 19. Early Egyptian Plaque or Amulet. (Prof. Flinders Petrie's Collection, Univ. Coll., London) 43 20 to 25. Coins of Knossos. (British Museum) f.p. 44 26 to 31. " " " f.p. 46 32. Graffito at Pompeii. (Mus. Borb. XIV. 1852) 46 33. Mosaic at Salzburg. (Kreuzer) 47 34. Mosaic at Caerleon. (O. Morgan) f.p. 48 35. Mosaic at Verdes, Loir-et-Cher. (De Caumont) 49 36. Mosaic at Cormerod, Switzerland. (Mitt Ant Ges. Zurich, XVI) f.p. 48 37. Mosaic at Susa, Tunis. (C. R. Acad. Inscriptions, Paris, 1892) 50 38. Greek Kyux, showing Exploits of Theseus. (British Museum) fp. 52 39. Another Theseus Kylix. (British Museum) fp. 52 40. Labyrinth engraved on Ancient Gem. (Maffei) 53 41. Bronze Plaqubtte. Italian XVI th Century. (British Museum) fp. 61 42. Labyrinth in Church of Reparatus, Orleansville, Algeria. (Prevost) 55 43. Labyrinth in Lucca Cathedral. (Durand) 55 44. Labyrinth in S. Michele, Pavia. (Ciampini) 56 45. Labyrinth in S.Maria-di-Trastavera, Rome. (Durand) 56 46. Labyrinth in S. Vitale, Ravenna. (Durand) fp. 56 47. Labyrinth in Chartres Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) 58 48. Labyrinth in Amiens Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) 59 49. Labyrinth in Parish Church, St. Quentin. (Gailhabaud) 60 50. Labyrinth in Rheims Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) fp. 61 51. Labyrinth in Amiens Cathedral, Central Plate.) (Gailhabaud) fp. 62 52. Labyrinth in Baybux Cathedral. (Ame) fp. 62 53. Labyrinth in Sens Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) 62 54. Labyrinth in Abbey of St. Bertin, St. Omer. (Wallet) 63 55. Labyrinth in Poitiers Cathedral. (Auber) 64 56. Labyrinths on Tiles. Toussaints Abbey, Chalons. (Ame) fp. 74 57. Labyrinth in Ely Cathedral. (W. H. M.) 66 58. Labyrinth in Church at Bourn, Cambs. (W. H. M.) 69 59. "Julian's Bower," Alkborough, Lincs. (Litho., Rev. G. Yorke) 72 60. Turf Labyrinth at Wing, Rutland. (Photo, W. J. Stocks, by permission of Rev. E. A. Irons) fp. 74 61. "Shepherd's Race," Boughton Green, Northants. (After Trollope) 76 62. "Mizmaze," St. Catherine's Hill, Winchester. (W. H. M.) 80 63. Turf Labyrinth, Pimperne, Dorset. (Hutchins) 81 64. Turf Labyrinth, Saffron Walden, Essex. (W. H. M.) 83 65. "The Mazlbs," Comberton, Cambs. (Photo, W. H. M.) fp 84 66. Turf Labyrinth, Hilton, Hunts. (W. H. M.) 85 67. Turf Labyrinth, Hilton, Hunts. (Photo, W. H. M .) fp 84 68. "Walls of Troy," Rockcliffe Marsh, Cumberland. (After Ferguson) 87 69. "Troy-town," Somerton, Oxon. (From sketch by C. W. Godwin) 89 70. "Gaerdrola." (After P. Roberts) 94 71. Labyrinth Device of Archbishop of Embrun. (After C. Paradin) 97 72. Floral Labyrinth. (De Vries) fp. 100 73. " " " 102 74. " " " 101 75,76. Herbal Labyrinths. (T. Hill) 104 77, 78. Maze Designs in XVIIth Century Manuscript. (Harley MS., Brit Mus.) 106 79. Maze Design by Adam Islip, 1602 107 80. Maze Design by J. Commelyn, 1676 108 81. Maze Design by J. Serlio. (XVIth Century) 113 82. Maze at Charleval. (After Du Cerceau) 114 83. 84. Mazes at Gaillon. (After Du Cerceau) 114 85. Maze at Theobalds, Herts. (After Trollope) 115 86. Maze at Hatfield, Herts, (Photo, G. F. Green) Frontispiece 87. Maze at Hatfield, Herts, Plan. (W. H. M.) 116 88. Labyrinth of Versailles. (Perrault) fp. 118 89. Labyrinth of Versailles. Fable Group : "Hare and Tortoise" 118 90. Labyrinth of Versailles. Fable Group : "Fox and Crow" 119 91. Labyrinth of Versailles. Fable Group : "Snake and Porcupine" 120 92. Labyrinth at The Tuileries, Paris. (After Du Cerceau) 121 93. Labyrinth at Choisy-le-Roi. (Blondel) fp. 121 94. Labyrinth at Chantilly. (Blondel) fp. 121 95. 96. Maze Designs by Andr< Mollet. ("Le Jardin de Plaisir," 1651) fp. 123 97. to 106. Maze Designs by G. A. Boecxler. ("Architectura Curiosa Nova," 1664) 122-126 107. Maze at Gunterstein, Holland. (Nicholas Visscher) fp. 126 108. Maze at Gunterstein, Holland. Plan. (Visscher) fp. 127 109. Gardens at Loo, Holland, with Mazes. (W. Harris) fp. 127 110. Maze at Hampton Court. (Photo, G. F. Green) fp. 128 111. Maze at Hampton Court. Plan. (W. H. M.) 129 112. Hampton Court. Mazes and "Plan-de-Troy" in XVIIIth Century. (Engraving, J. Rocque, 1736) 130 113. Hampton Court. "The Little Maze." (Photo, G. F. Green) f.p. 128 114. Labyrinth Design by L. Liger. (From London and Wise) 131 115. Maze Design by Batty Langley. ("New Principles of Gardening," 1728) f.p. 131 116. Maze Design by Batty Langley. ("New Principles of Gardening," 1728) 130 117. Labyrinth at Trinity College, Oxford. (Williams) f.p. 133 118. Wrest Park, Beds., with Two Mazes. (Kip) f.p. 134 119. Maze Design by Stephen Switzer. ("Ichnographia Rustica," 1742) 133 120. Maze in R.H.S. Gardens, Sth. Kensington. (After Nesfield) 139 121. Maze in Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden. Looking S. (Photo, W. H. M.) 140 122. Maze in Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden. Looking N. (Photo, W. H. M.) 140 123. Maze at Somerlbyton Hall, Suffolk. (W. H. M., from sketch by G. F. Green) 141 124. Stone Labyrinth on Wier Island, Gulf of Finland. (Von Baer) 148 125. Stone Labyrinth on Finnish Coast. (Aspelin) 148 126. Stone Labyrinth at Wisby, Gothland. (Aspelin) 149 127. Scandinavian Stone Labyrinth. (Rudbeck) 150 128. Old Danish Stone Cross, with Labyrinth. (O. Worm) 151 129. Rock Engravings, Routing Linn, Northumberland. (G. Tate) 152 130. Rock Engravings, Old Bewick, Northumberland. (G. Tate) 152 131. Indian Labyrinth, from XVIIIth Century Spanish Manuscript. (After Cotton) 154 132. Labyrinthine Pictograph, Mesa Verde. (After Fewkes) 155 133. Etruscan Wine-Vase from Tragliatella. (After Deecke) 157 134. 135. Etruscan Wine-Vase from Tragliatella, "Troy Dance" Details. (After Deecke) 157-158 136. Straight-line Diagram. Hampton Court Maze 187 137. Straight-line Diagram. Hatfield Maze 187 138. 139. Derivation of Labyrinth Types from Rock-Engraving Figures. (After Krause) 188 140. Allegorical Labyrinth. (Old German Print) f.p. 194 141, 142. Sea-side Sand Mazes. (W. H. M.) f.p. 202 143. Temporary Maze at Village Fite. (W. H. M.) 203 144. Maze Toy by A. Brentano. (After Patent Specification) 204 145. Maze Toy by S. D. Nix. (After Patent Specification) 205 146. Maze Toy by J. M. Arnot. (After Patent Specification) 206 147. Maze Toy by J. Proctor. (After Patent Specification) 206 148. Maze Toy by H. Bridge. (After Patent Specification) 207 149. 150, 1 51. Path of Rat in Labyrinth. Three Stages. (After Szymanski) 208 Digitized by Google. "Bibliography of mazes and labyrinths": pages 215-235 Electronic reproduction Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002 digitized Print version record