This textbook explains the con­cepts and most important advances of modern physics without resort to higher mathematics. Avoids the traditional division between clas­sical and modern physics and en­deavours to present all material so as to develop quantum mechanical concepts.The textbook is intended for secon­dary schools and as a teaching aid for physics teachers in general and technical secondary schools. Will be found useful by correspondence students studying ‘A ’ level and first year physics.About the authors:Prof. Boris Yavorsky, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, is in the department of theoretical physics at the Lenin State Pedagogical Institute in Moscow. He has been lecturing in higher educational institutions of the Soviet Union for the last 35 years. Prof. Yavorsky has written about 300 published works, including books and articles in various scientific journals and collected papers. Among them are the "Complete Course in Physics" (in three volumes) and other textbooks and aids for institute teachers.Assoc. Prof. Arkady Pinsky, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, is a senior scientist at the Scientific Research Institute for Teaching Practice of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. He has specialized in the methods of physics teaching at school and university levels. In this field, he has published over 50 works, including several books on methods of teaching physics.Translated from the Russian by Nicholas WeinsteinAll credits to the original uploader, This version has bookmarks and cover added.Contents Volume 1 Part One: Motion and Forces Chapter 1: Velocity1.1. Mechanical motion 191.2. Frames of reference. Paths 201.3. Rectilinear motion. Motion equations 221.4. Uniform motion 231.5. Variable motion 241.6. Average velocity 251.7. Instantaneous velocity of variable motion 27 Chapter 2: Inertia2.1. The principle of inertia 282.2. Inertial reference frames 302.3. The principle of relativity 322.4. Galilean transformations 332.5. Classical law of the addition of velocities 35 Chapter 3: Scalars and Vectors. Velocity Vector3.1. Scalar quantities 353.2. Vector quantities 363.3. Certain operations on vectors 373.4. Resolving a vector into two components 393.5. Velocity is a vector 403.6. Addition of velocities 42 Chapter 4: Acceleration4.1. Average and instantaneous acceleration 434.2. Rectilinear variable motion 444.3. Uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion 444.4. Velocity graph for uniformly accelerated motion 454.5. Graphical calculation of displacement 454.6. Displacement and average velocity in uniformly accelerated motion 464.7. Uniform circular motion of a particle 484.8. Acceleration in uniform circular motion of a particle 48 Chapter 5: Force5.1. Force, a measure of the interaction of bodies 505.2. Elastic and plastic deformation 515.3. Force is a vector 525.4. Vector addition and resolution of forces applied to a particle 54 Chapter 6: Weight and Mass6.1. Force of gravity. Weight 556.2. Free fall 576.3. Mass of a body 586.4. The density of substances 59 Chapter 7: Fundamental Law of Dynamics7.1. Force and acceleration 607.2. Applying the fundamental law of dynamics 637.3. Weightlessness 667.4. System of units 677.5. The international system of units 687.6. The cgs and mk(force)s systems of units 69 Chapter 8: Equations of Motion and Initial Conditions8.1. The basic problem of dynamics 698.2. Motion of a particle subject to the force of gravity 708.3. Numerical solution of the basic problem of dynamics 728.4. Motion of a body subject to an elastic force 738.5. Quantities determining the motion equation of a particle 77 Chapter 9: Gravitation9.1. Discovery of the law of gravitation 789.2. Newton’s law of universal gravitation 809.3. The Cavendish experiment 819.4. Determining the distances from the sun to the planets 829.5. The gravitational field 839.6. Gravitational field intensity 849.7. The earth’s gravitational field 849.8. Effect of the earth’s rotation on free-fall acceleration 86 Chapter 10: Electric Forces10.1. Electric charge 8710.2. Coulomb’s law 8810.3. Units of charge and systems of units 9010.4. The electric dipole 9210.5. The electric field. Field strength 9410.6. Electric field of a point charge and of a dipole 94 Chapter 11: Friction11.1. External and internal friction 9711.2. Static friction 9711.3. The angle of friction 10011.4. Sliding friction 10111.5. Rolling friction 10211.6. Motion of bodies subject to the force of friction 10211.7. Internal friction 10311.8. Motion of bodies in fluids 10511.9. Bodies falling in a fluid 108 Part One: Motion and Forces Chapter 12: The Theory of Relativity12.1. Velocity of light and the law of addition of velocities 11012.2. Basic postulates of the special theory of relativity 11312.3. Simultaneity of events 11312.4. Simultaneity and length 11612.5. Relativistic law for the addition of velocities 11612.6. Limiting nature of the velocity of light 11812.7. Lorentz transformations 11912.8. Length or distance 12012.9. Time interval between two events 12112.10. The time interval between cause and effect 12212.11. The relation between relativistic and Newtonian mechanics 123 Chapter 13: Mass, Momentum and Force in the Theory of Relativity13.1. Relativistic mass 12513.2. The fundamental law of dynamics in the theory of relativity 12613.3. The relation between Newtonian and relativistic dynamics 128 Chapter 14: Equations of Motion and the Uncertainty Relation14.1. Initial conditions and measuring apparatus 13014.2. The uncertainty relation 13414.3. The uncertainty relation and classical mechanics 134 Part Two: Conservation Laws Chapter 15: Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum15.1. Closed system of bodies 13815.2. Law of conservation of linear momentum 13915.3. Recoil phenomena 14115.4. Measurement of mass 14215.5. Jet propulsion (propulsion by reaction) 14315.6. Rocket fuel calculations 14415.7. Centre of mass 14515.8. Motion of the centre of mass 146 Chapter 16: Total and Kinetic Energy16.1. Total energy of a body 14816.2. Kinetic energy 14916.3. Energy and linear momentum 15016.4. Kinetic energy and work 15116.5. Power 15316.6. Units of energy, work and power 15416.7. Momentum, and energy of a localized particle 155 Chapter 17: Elementary Collision Theory17.1. What is a collision? 15717.2. Completely inelastic collision 15817.3. Elastic collision 16017.4. Neutron moderation 16217.5. Pressure of a stream of particles on a wall 163 Chapter 18: Conservative Forces and Potential Energy18.1. Work done by a variable force 16518.2. Work done by an elastic force 16718.3. Work done by a Coulomb force 16818.4. Work done by a gravitational force 17018.5. Conservative forces 17118.6. Potential energy of elastic, Coulomb, and gravitational interactions 17218.7. Potential of an electrostatic field 17418.8. Electric potential of the field set up by a point charge 17518.9. Energy of an electric field 176 Chapter 19: Law of Conservation of Energy in Newtonian Mechanics19.1. Mechanical energy and its conservation 17719.2. Mechanical energy and friction 17719.3. Space velocities 17819.4. Looping the loop 17919.5. Potential energy curves 18019.6. Potential energy and equilibrium 183 Chapter 20: Internal Energy20.1. Internal energy of a system of particles 18420.2. Changes in internal energy when a body is deformed 18520.3. Changes in internal energy of a body in thermal processes 18620.4. Changes in internal energy in chemical reactions 18720.5. Changes in internal energy in nuclear reactions 188 Chapter 21: The Law of Conservation of Energy21.1. Work as a measure of the change in total and internal energy 18921.2. Heat exchange 19021.3. Quantity of heat 19221.4. The first law of thermodynamics 19321.5. An adiabatically isolated system 19421.6. The law of conservation of energy 19421.7. The law of conservation of mass 19521.8. More about relativistic mass 197 Chapter 22: The Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum22.1. Features of rotational motion 19922.2. Kinetic energy and moment of inertia 19922.3. Dependence of the moment of inertia on the location of the axis of rotation 20122.4. Moment of force 20422.5. Equilibrium conditions for a body having an axis of rotation 20522.6. Angular momentum and the fundamental law of dynamics 20522.7. The law of conservation of angular momentum 20722.8. Analogies between quantities and their relations in translational and rotational motion 209 Chapter 23: Symmetry in Nature and the Conservation Laws23.1. The conservation laws are nature’s principal laws 21123.2. The conservation laws are forbiddenness principles 21223.3. The conservation laws and space-time symmetry 21323.4. Uniformity of time and the conservation of energy 214 Part Three: Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Gases Chapter 24: Noninertial Frames of Reference and Gravitation24.1. Phenomena in an accelerated reference frame 21424.2. Inertial forces 21624.3. Features of inertial forces 21824.4. Space and time in noninertial reference frames 21924.5. The principle of equivalence 22224.6. An idea of Einstein’s theory of gravity 22424.7. The twin paradox 228 Chapter 25: Molecular Motion25.1. How molecular speeds were measured 23125.2. Molecular speed distribution 23325.3. Mean free path of molecules 23525.4. Diffusion 23825.5. Law of diffusion 23925.6. Separation of gas mixtures 240 Chapter 26: An Ideal Gas26.1. Gas pressure 24226.2. Units of pressure 24426.3. An ideal gas 24626.4. Temperature 24826.5. Absolute temperature and the equation of state of an ideal gas 24926.6. The constant-volume gas thermometer 25026.7. The degree and the kelvin. The practical and absolute temperature scales 25126.8. Absolute zero 25326.9. Avogadro’s number and Boltzmann’s constant 25426.10. Molecule distribution in a force field 25626.11. Barometric distribution 258 Chapter 27: An Ideal Gas and the First Law of Thermodynamics27.1. Internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas 26027.2. Work done in the expansion of an ideal gas 26127.3. The first law of thermodynamics and the specific heat of a gas 26227.4. Isochoric processes 26427.5. Isobaric processes 26527.6. Isothermal processes 26627.7. Adiabatic processes 26727.8. Specific heat of a diatomic gas 26927.9. Quantum theory of the specific heats of gases 272 Chapter 28: The Second Law of Thermodynamics28.1. Quasi-static processes 27628.2. Reversible processes 27728.3. Irreversibility of real thermal processes 27828.4. Irreversibility and statistics 27928.5. Diffusion and thermodynamic probability 28228.6. Thermodynamic probability in other thermal processes 28328.7. Thermodynamic probability and entropy 28428.8. Entropy and heat exchange 28628.9. The second law of thermodynamics 28828.10. The statistical sense of the second law of thermodynamics. Fluctuations 28928.11. Brownian motion and fluctuations 29028.12. Brownian motion and Boltzmann’s constant 291 Chapter 29: Heat Engines and Refrigerators29.1. Heat engines and the advancement of engineering 29529.2. The heat engine 29529.3. Principle and energy balance of a heat engine 29629.4. The heat engine and the second law of thermodynamics 29829.5. The Carnot cycle 29929.6. The efficiency of a real engine 30029.7. The reverse Carnot cycle 30129.8. Refrigerators and heat pumps 302 Chapter 30: Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics30.1. Thermodynamic parameters of moving fluids 30430.2. The equation of continuity 30530.3. The momentum equation 30630.4. Bernoulli’s equation 30630.5. Rate of propagation of disturbance waves in elastic media 30830.6. Compressible fluid dynamics. Mach number 31130.7. The Mach cone 31230.8. The bow shock wave 31330.9. Phenomena of a normal compression shock 31430.10. Wave drag 31630.11. Nozzles 31830.12. Analogy between a nozzle and a heat engine 32030.13. The Laval nozzle 32030.14. The jet engine 32130.15. The airplane wing 32330.16. Measuring the pressure and velocity in a stream of fluid 32430.17. Viscous fluid dynamics. Fluid friction in pipes 325 Part Four: Molecular Forces and States of Aggregation of Matter Chapter 31: Molecular Forces31.1. The density and compressibility of substances 32731.2. Molecular forces 32831.3. The electrical origin of molecular forces 32931.4. The molecular force graph 33131.5. The potential energy curve of molecular interaction 33331.6. Thermal expansion of solids and liquids 334 Chapter 32: Long-Range Order32.1. The monocrystal 33632.2. The polycrystal 33832.3. The crystal lattice. Long-range order 33932.4. Defects in packing and the block structure of crystals 34032.5. Motion of defects and diffusion 34132.6. Dislocation motion and the deformation of the crystal 342 Chapter 33: Close Packing of Particles33.1. Types of crystalline bonds 34433.2. Closest packing of identical spheres 34633.3. Closest packing of spheres of different radii 34833.4. Lattices which cannot be represented as the packing of spheres 34833.5. The structure of ice 35133.6. Polymers 351 Chapter 34: Short-Range Order34.1. Features of the liquid state 35434.2. The structure of a liquid, and its properties 35534.3. Mean residence lifetime 35634.4. Diffusion in liquids 35834.5. The viscosity of liquids 35934.6. Amorphous bodies 36034.7. Energy of the surface layer and the surface tension of liquids 36134.8. Pressure caused by the curved surface of a liquid 36334.9. Capillary phenomena 36434.10. Adsorption. The Rebinder effect 365 Chapter 35: Vapours35.1. Vaporization 36735.2. Saturated vapour 36935.3. The pressure of saturated vapour 37035.4. Vapour isotherms 37335.5. The critical state of a substance 37435.6. Air humidity 376 Chapter 36: Phase Transitions36.1. Changes in the state of aggregation 37836.2. Liquid-gas transition diagram 37936.3. Crystal-gas transition diagram 37936.4. Crystal-liquid transition diagram 38036.5. Crystal-crystal transition diagram 38136.6. The triple point 38336.7. Changes in internal energy in first-order phase transitions 38336.8. Metastable states 38536.9. Condensation. Supersaturated vapour 38736.10. Boiling. Superheated liquid 38836.11. The liquefaction of gases 391 Part Five: Electrodynamics Chapter 37: A Field of Fixed Charges in a Vacuum37.1. Lines of force 39337.2. Equipotential surfaces 39437.3. The relation between field strength and potential 39637.4. A dipole in an electric field 39737.5. The parallel-plate capacitor 399 Part Five: Electrodynamics Chapter 37: A Field of Fixed Charges in a Vacuum37.1. Lines of force 39337.2. Equipotential surfaces 39437.3. The relation between field strength and potential 39637.4. A dipole in an electric field 39737.5. The parallel-plate capacitor 39937.6. Capacitance 40037.7. The energy of the electric field. Energy density 40137.8. The force of interaction between capacitor plates 40137.9. A conductor in an electric field 40237.10. Determining the charge of the electron 404 Chapter 38: Dielectrics38.1. An electric field with a dielectric 40638.2. The polarization vector 40738.3. Electric susceptibility 40838.4. The field energy in a dielectric 40938.5. Deformation polarizability 41038.6. Orientational polarizability 411 Chapter 39: Direct Current39.1. Nonelectrostatic fields. Voltage and emf 41439.2. Current and current density 41639.3. Ohm’s law for a uniform segment of a circuit 41739.4. Resistance 41839.5. Ohm’s law in differential form 41939.6. Ohm’s law for a nonuniform segment of a circuit and for a closed circuit 41939.7. The Joule-Lenz law 42939.8. Charging and discharging capacitors 421 Chapter 40: A Magnetic Field in a Vacuum40.1. The interaction of currents. Magnetic forces 42340.2. The transformation law for the sideways momentum and the sideways force 42440.3. Interaction between moving charges 42540.4. Magnetic induction. Lines of induction 42740.5. The magnetic field of a current-carrying conductor 42840.6. The magnetic moment 43040.7. Magnetic field strength 43340.8. The magnetic field of a solenoid 43440.9. Invariance of the electric charge 434 Chapter 41: Charges and Currents in a Magnetic Field41.1. The Lorentz force 43641.2. The motion of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field 43741.3. Determining the sign of the charge of elementary particles 43841.4. The cyclotron 44041.5. Energy of the particle and the synchronization condition 44241.6. Proton synchrotron 44441.7. The electron charge-to-mass ratio 44741.8. The ion charge-to-mass ratio 44841.9. A current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field 44941.10. A current-carrying loop in a magnetic field 450 Chapter 42: Magnetic Materials42.1. Three types of magnetic materials 45142.2. The magnetic moment of the atom 45342.3. Quantities characterizing the magnetic field in matter 45442.4. Diamagnetism 45542.5. Paramagnetism 45842.6. Ferromagnetism. The Curie temperature 45942.7. Hysteresis 461 Chapter 42: Magnetic Materials42.1. Three types of magnetic materials 45142.2. The magnetic moment of the atom 45342.3. Quantities characterizing the magnetic field in matter 45442.4. Diamagnetism 45542.5. Paramagnetism 45842.6. Ferromagnetism. The Curie temperature 45942.7. Hysteresis 46142.8. The domain structure of ferromagnetic materials 46342.9. The Einstein and de Haas experiment 46642.10. The Stern-Gerlach experiment 46742.11. Electron spin 46942.12. Antiferromagnetism 470 Chapter 43: Electromagnetic Induction43.1. Faraday’s discovery 47243.2. Electromagnetic induction and the Lorentz force 47343.3. Induced electromotive force 47443.4. The induction phenomenon in a stationary conductor 47543.5. Strength of an induced field 47643.6. The electromagnetic field and the relativity principle 47743.7. Faraday’s law of induction 47743.8. Lenz’s law 47943.9. Electromagnetic induction and the law of conservation of energy 47943.10. Self-induction 48043.11. Energy of an electromagnetic field 48143.12. Closing a circuit with inductance 483 Chapter 44: Electrical Conduction in Solids44.1. Experimental basis for the electron theory of conduction in metals 48444.2. The Hall effect 48644.3. Electron gas 48944.4. Derivation of Ohm’s law from electronic theory 49044.5. The conductivity of metals and semiconductors 49244.6. Derivation of the Joule-Lenz law 49344.7. Contact potential difference 49544.8. Thermoelectricity 49644.9. The work function 498 Chapter 45: Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity of Solids45.1. Heat capacity 50045.2. Heat capacity of metals 50245.3. Thermal conductivity of insulators 50345.4. Thermal conductivity of metals 506 Chapter 46: Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes46.1. Electrolytic dissociation 50846.2. Ohm’s law and the electrical conductivity of electrolytes 50946.3. Faraday’s laws 51146.4. The galvanic cell 512 Chapter 47: Current in a Vacuum47.1. Thermionic emission 51347.2. The diode and its characteristics 51547.3. The triode and its characteristics 51747.4. The cathode-ray tube 518 Chapter 48: Current in Gases48.1. Ionization and recombination 51948.2. Nonself-maintaining discharges 52048.3. Collision ionization 52348.4. The Geiger-Müller counter 52448.5. Self-maintaining discharges. Plasma 52648.6. Glow discharges 52748.7. Plasma in a magnetic field 52948.8. Pinching and confining a plasma 53248.9. The magnetohydrodynamic generator 534 Index 536