TABLE OF CONTENTSVOLUME ONEList of Illustrations [XIX]Preface [XXI]IntroductionI. The Phenomenological Movement Defined2. Pseudo-PhenomenologiesA. Extra-Philosophical PhenomenologiesB. Philosophical Phenomenologies3. PreviewPart One f The Preparatory PhaseI. FRANZ BRENTANO (1838-1917): FORERUNNEROF THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENTI. Brentano's l?lace in the History of Phenomenology 272. Brentano's Purpose: A Scientific Reformation ofPhilosophy 283. A New Psychology as the Foundation for ScientificPhilosophy 334. A New Type of Empiricism 355. Descriptive Psychology versus Genetic Psychology 366. A New Type of Experience: Inner Perception versusIntrospection 387. "Intentionality" :TheBasicPsychologicalPhenomenon 398. A "Natural" Classification of Psychical Acts 429. A Fundamental Law of Psychical Phenomena 43S10. The Awareness of Time 4411. An Analogue of Self-Evidence as the Basis for EthicalKnowledge 4412. Brentano's Fight Against "Fictitious Entities" 4413. How Far Was Brentano a Representative of "Psychologism" ? 49Selective Bibliography 50II. CARL STUMPF (1848-1936): FOUNDER OFEXPERIMENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY1. Stumpf's Place in the History of Phenomenology 532. The Role of Phenomenology in Stumpf's Work 553. General Characteristics of Stumpf's Phenomenology 58a. The Subject Matter of Phenomenology Consists of Primaryand Secondary Phenomena 59b. Phenomenology Constitutes a Neutral Science or PreScience (Vorwissenschaft) 59c. Phenomenology is the First of the Neutral Pre-Sciences 60d. Phenomenology is not an Independent Discipline forSpecialists, but Rather the First Layer in the Study ofEvery Established Science 60e. Phenomenology, while a Descriptive Science, has to beStudied by all Suitable Methods, Including the Experimental One 614. Some Concrete Phenomenological Contributions 62a. The Distinction Between Dependent and IndependentParts and the Experience of Substance and Attribute 62b. The Experience of Causal Nexus 62c. The Experience of "Feel-Sensations" (Gefuhlsempfindungen) 63d. The Discovery of Structural Laws among EmpiricalMaterials not based upon Induction 63e. The Discovery of the Sachverhalt 645. The Relationship of Stumpf's and Husserl's Phenomenologies 65Excursus: Stumpf's Phenomenology and William James'sPsychology 66Selective Bibliography 69Part Two f The German Phase of the MovementIII. THE PURE PHENOMENOLOGY OF EDMUND HUSSERL(1859-1938)A. Introductory 73B. Constants in Husserl's Conception ofPhilosophy 751. The Ideal of Rigorous Science 762. Philosophic Radicalism 823. The Ethos of Radical Autonomy 944. The Wonder of All Wonders: Subjectivity 875. Husserl's Personality and His Philosophy 88c. Variables in the Development ofHusserl's Philosophy 91l. The Pre-Phenomenological Period 91a. The Critique of Psychologism 93b. The Conception of a Pure Logic 95Excursus: Meinong's Gegenstandstheorie and Husserl's Logic 982. The Beginnings of Phenomenology as the SubjectiveCorrelate of Pure Logic 101a. Husserl's Semantics 104b. Husserl's Doctrine of Universals (Essences) lOSc. The Intentionality of Consciousness 107Excursus: William James's Significance for Husserl's Phenomenology 111d. Phenomenological Intuiting (Anschauung and Wesensschau) 1173. Phenomenology Becomes "First Philosophy" 118Excursus: Wilhelm Dilthey and Edmund Husserl 1224. The Birth of the Phenomenological Movement and theBeginnings of Transcendental Phenomenology 124a. Self..Givenness - Phenomenology and Positivism 128b. Phenomenology of Perception and Self-Evidence 131c. The Phenomenological Reduction 133Excursus: Santayana's Ultimate ScepticismComparedWithHusserl's Phenomenological Reduction 138d. The Phenomenological Residue: Ego Cogito Cogitata Mea 140(1) The Phenomenological Ego 140(2) The Cogitations 141(3) The Cogitata 142e. Phenomenological Idealism 142Excuf'sus: Husserl and Josiah Royce 144f. Phenomenological Constitution and the Consciousness ofTime 146g. Phenomenology and Psychology 1495. The Final Radicalization of Transcendental Phenomenology 152a. Intersubjectivity and Transcendental Monadology 157b. The Idea of the Life-World (Lebenswelt) 159D. In Place ofan Appraisal 163Selective Bibliography 163IV. THE OLDER PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENTA. The Phenomenological Circles 1681. The Gottingen Circle 1692. The Munich Circle 171Note: Phenomenology and Conversion 172B. Alexander Pfiinder (z870-I94I): From Phenomenological Psychology to Phenomenological Philosophy 1731. Pfander's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 1732. The Place of Phenomenology in Pfander's Philosophy 1753. Pfander's Conception of Phenomenology 178a. Phenomenological Psychology 179b. Phenomenological Philosophy 1804. Examples of Pfander's Phenomenology 185a. The Phenomenology of Directed Sentiments (Gesinnungen) 186b. The Phenomenology of Basic and Empirical Essences 188c. The Phenomenology of the Perception of Oughtness 1895. Concluding Remarks 191Selected Bibliography6. Pfander's Following 192c. Adolf Reinach (I88]-I9I7): The Phenomenology ofEssences 1951. Reinach's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 1952. Reinach's Conception of Phenomenology 197Ia. Reinach's Theory of Social Acts 202b. Essential Laws Concerning Legal Entities 203Selective Bibliography 205D. Moritz Geiger (I88o-I9J7): From PhenomenologicalEsthetics toward Metaphysics 2061. Geiger's Conception of Phenomenology 2082. Illustrations of Geiger's Phenomenological Analyses 212a. The Phellomenology of Esthetic Enjoyment 213b. The Phenomenology of Existential Depth 214c. The Phenomenology of the Unconscious 216Selective Bibliography 218E. Other Members ofthe Gottingen and Munich Circles 2181. Wilhelm Schapp {1884- 2192. Kurt Stavenhagen (1885-1951) 219Selective Bibliography3. Hedwig Conrad-Martius {1888- 220Selective Bibliography4. Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889- 222Selective Bibliography5. Jean Hering (1890- 223Selective Bibliography6. Edith Stein (1891-1942) 223Selective Bibliography7. Fritz Kaufmann {1891-1958) see XIII8. Alexandre Koyre (1892- 225Selective Bibliography9. Roman Ingarden (1893- 225Selective BibliographyV. THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF ESSENCES: MAX SCHELER(1874-1928)1. Max Scheler's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 2282. Scheler's Basic Concerns 2313. Phenomenology in the Development of Scheler'sPhilosophy 235. Scheler's Conception of Phenomenology 239a. The Doctrine of the "Phenomenologic Controversy" (phanomenologischer Streit) 242b. The Idols of Self-Knowledge 243c. The Phenomenon of Resistance as the Criterion of Reality 244d. Scheler's Phenomenological Reduction 2455. Scheler's Phenomenology in Action 251a. Value and Oughtness 251(1) The Intuitive A Priori 251(2) Non-Formal ("Material") Values 253(3) Value, Ideal Oughtness, and Moral Oughtness 256b. The Phenomenology of Cognitive Emotion 256c. Ethical Absolutism and Relativity 258(1) Variations in the Valuations or Acts of Value-Experiences 258(2) Relativity of Ethics 258(3) Relativity of Types of Actions 259(4) Relativity of the Practical Morality 259(5) Relativity of Customs 259d. The Phenomenology of Sympathy 259e. Knowledge of Other Minds 261f. Phenomenology of Religion 2626. Toward an Appraisal of Scheler as a Phenomenologist 2657. Scheler's Following 267Selective Bibliography 268VI. MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-AS A PHENOMENOLOGIST1. On Understanding Heidegg'er 2712. Heidegger's Place in the History of Phenomenology 2753. Heidegger's Basic Theme: The Quest for Being andTime 2834. The Development of Heidegger's Thought of Being 291a. Preparatory Period 292b. The Phenomenological Period 297c. Under the Sign of Holderlin 3095. Heidegger's Conception of Phenomenology 318a. Hermeneutic Phenomenology 318b. Hermeneutics in Action 326(1) Ipseity (]emeinigkeit) and "Existence" 326(2) Being-in-the-World 328I(3) The Impersonal ("People") 329(4) Moods and "Facticity" 330(5) Anxiety and Nothingness 331(6) Concern (Sorge) as the Fundamental Structure ofHuman Being 333(7) Death 333(8) Temporality 334(9) Historicity 337c. Phenomenology in Heidegger's Philosophy since Sein undZeit 3396. Toward an Appraisal of Heidegger's Phenomenology 346a. To What Extent is Heidegger a Phenomenologist? 347b. Strengths and Weaknesses of Heidegger's Phenomenology 3497. Heidegger's Following and Phenomenology 353Selective Bibliography 354VII. PHENOMENOLOGY IN THE CRITICAL ONTOLOGY OFNICOLAI HARTMANN (1882-1950)1. Hartmann's Relation to the Phenomenological Movement 3582. Hartmann's Philosophical Objective: Critical Ontology 3603. The Role of Phenomenology in Hartmann's Philosophical Development 3674. Nicolai Hartmann's Version of Phenomenology 3745. Illustrations of Hartmann's Phenomenology 379a. "Metaphysics" of Knowledge 379b. The Givenness of Reality 382c. The Discovery of Value and the Narrowness of the ValueConsciousness 384d. Activated Ideals (Aktuales Seinsollen) 3856. Toward an Appraisal of Hartmann's Phenomenology 3867. Hartmann's Following and Phenomenology 388