CONTENTS. PART I. SPIRITUAL SUPREMACY. Chapter I. — Nature of the Primacy 15 Organization of the Church by Christ. Necessity of a Central Power. Learned Work of Dr. Spalding. Presumptive Evidence. Reasons of Professor Major. Motives of Luther. Henry VIII. Photius. Acknowledgments of Mr. Allies. Prejudices against the Papacy. Federal System. Chapter II. — Promise of the Primacy 24 Custom of our Lord. Change of Name. Concession of Barrow. Promise. Personal Faith. Admission of the First Converts. Christ the Rock. Difference of Geuder. Bloomfield's Admission. Gerard. Thompson. Christ the Foundation. St Leo the Great. Figure of the Keys. Rebuke to Peter. Rivalry of the Apostles. Prayer for Simon. Chapter III. — The Fathers* Exposition of the Promise 37 Authority of the Fathers. Tertullian. Origen. Mystical Fancies. St Cyprian. Peter Represents the Church. On him the Church is Built. St James of Nisibis. St. Cyril of Jerusalem. St Basil the Great. St. Gregory of Nazianzum. St. Chrysostom. Peter is placed over the entire World. St. Epiphanius. St. Cyril of Alexandria. St Hilary of Poictiere. Faith of Peter. Arian Heresy. St. Optatus. St Ambrose. Power of Forgiveness. Equality of Paul to Peter. St. Jerom. Occasion of Schism Removed. On that Rock the Church is Built St. Augustin. Hesitation. The Church through Peter receives the Keys. St. Leo the Great Various Interpretations. Chapter IV. — Institution of the Primacy 66 Manifestation of our Lord. Feed Lambs and Sheep. Union of Jews and Gentiles. One Fold, one Shepherd. Barrow's Avowal. St. Francis de Sales. Perpetuity of the Power. Headship of Peter reconciled with that of Christ Wisdom of Christ. Bossuet. Chapter V. — Fathers* Exposition of John XXI. 74 Origen. Cyprian. Unity of the Church. Barrow's Admission. St. Cyril of Jerusalem. St Chrysostom. St. Ambrose. St. Augustin. Observation of Mr. Allies. St. Leo. St Gregory the Great. St. Bernard. Chapter VI. — Exercise of the Primacy 82 Call of Matthias. Remark of Chrysostom. Council of Jerusalem. Result of Peter's Address. Tertullian. St Jerom. Theodoret Chrysostom. Model of Councils. Bossuet. Potter. To send sometimes implies superiority. Condescension of Peter. St Gregory the Great. Cephas at Antioch. Visit of Paul to Peter. The Jews committed to the charge of Peter, the Gentiles to Paul. Address of Peter to his Fellow-Bishops. Chapter VII. — Peter Bishop of Rome 93 Admission of Cave. Babylon. Clement Ignatius. Papias. Iresunns. Dionysius of Corinth. Cajus. Origen. Cyprian. Eusebius. Theodoret Palmer's Admission. Difficulty of arranging Chronology. Both Apostles Founders of the Roman Church. Apostleship compatible with Episcopacy. Silence of St. Paul. Palmer's Admission. Chapter VIII. — Roman Church 100 Transmission of the Power of Peter. St Ignatius IV. addresses the Church that Presides. Celebrated Passage of St. Irensus. Palmer's Admission. Tertullian. St. Cyprian. Root and Matrix. Dr. Hopkins. Authority of Roman Clergy. The Emperor Aurelian's Reference to Roman Bishop. St. Augustin. St Jerom. A Bishop everywhere equal in order. Bishops of Province of Arles. Dignity of Imperial City. Concessions of Emperors. Decree of Valentinian. Concessions of Palmer and Allies. Chapter IX. — Centre of Unity. § 1. Communion with See of Rome 115 Remark of Hallam. St. Cyprian. To communicate with the Roman Bishop is to communicate with the Catholic Church. Union of Spirit without identity in Faith is chimerical. Episcopate in Solidum. St Ambrose. St. Optatus. Evasion of Palmer. St Augustin. Inconsistency of Manning. Roman Catholic. § 2. Interruptions of Communion 123 Meletius. St. Jerom. Liberality of the Holy See. Inconsistency of Palmer. Testimony of John, Bishop of Constantinople. St. Cyprian on Unity. Instances objected by Mr. Allies. Council of Frankfort. Manning. Chapter X. — Ancient Examples of Papal Authority. § 1. Disturbances at Corinth 131 Letter of Clement § 2. Paschal Controversy 132 Difference of Discipline. Polycarp and Anicetus. Measures of Victor. § 3. Montanism 135 Tertullian. Bishop of Bishops. Faber's Admission. Peter's Church. § 4. Controversy Concerning Baptism 138 African Decree. Pope Stephen. Asiatic Usage. Vincent of Lerins. Papal Authority. St Cyprian. Candor of Mr. Allies. St Jerom. St Augustin. § 5. Donatism 144 Cecilius of Carthage. Decree of Constantine. Sentence of Melchiades. Council of Arles. Chapter XI. — Guardianship of Faith. § 1. Constancy of the Holy See 149 Theophylact. Innocent III. Early Heresies. § 2. Chief Mysteries 151 Divinity of Christ Dionysius of Alexandria accused. Arianism. Liberius Vindicated. Testimony of Sozomen. Heresy of Apollinaris. Edict of Theodosius. St Basil. The East as well as the West receives the Decrees of Rome. Nestorius. St Cyril. Decree of Celestine. Council of Ephesus. Eutyches. Flavian writes to the Pope. Letter of Valentinian. Council of Chalcedon. Acknowledgment of Palmer. Blessed Virgin. § 3. Grace 167 African Councils. Innocent I. Further Examination superfluous. Zosimus. St Prosper. St Vincent of Lerins. Paulinus of Milan. Nestorius. St Leo. § 4. Testimonies of Fathers 175 St. Jerom. St. Leo. Acknowledgment of Casaubon. § 5. Vindication of Honorius 177 Anathema. Letters of Honorius. Agatho. St. Bernard. Bishops of Tarragona. Chapter XII. — Governing Power. § 1. Exercise of Authority 182 St Celestine. St Cyprian. Decree of Siricius. Innocent I. Zosimus. St Leo. Just Declaration of Bossuet Dispensing Power. Boniface I. Consultations. § 2. Universal Patriarch 190 John the Faster. Council of Chalcedon. St Gregory the Great. Byzantium. Acknowledgment of the Eastern Church. Acts of Gregory. Serenus of Marseilles admonished. Patriarchs address Gregory with reverence. Decree of Phocas. Chapter XIII. — The Hierarchy. § 1. Patriarchal System 196 Extent of Western Patriarchate. Origin of Patriarchal Jurisdiction. Sixth Canon of Nice. Version of Ruffinus. Suburbicarian Churches. Boniface I. Council of Chalcedon. St. Leo. § 2. Western Patriarchate 200 Innocent I. Pallium. Primates. Guizot. Clinch. Acknowledgment of Mr. Allies. § 3. Apostolic Vicars 203 Barrow's Avowal. First Instance of Apostolic Vicar for Illyricum. Pontifical Instructions. St Leo the Great. Modern Vicars Apostolic. Bishops not mere Delegates. § 4. Papal Relation to Patriarchs 207 Patriarchal Power. Dependence on the Pontiff. Avowal of Mr. Allies. Juvenal of Jerusalem. Bishop of Constantinople. Embassy to Rome. St. Basil. Chapter XIV. — Deposition of Bishops 213 Occasional Encroachments. Ancient Reservation to the Holy See. Potter's Testimony. Deposition of Marcian of Arles, solicited by St. Cyprian. Observation of Mr. Allies. Roman Council. Imperial Edict. Mosheim and Maclaine. Zosimus. Celestine. Council of Chalcedon. Ephesus. Bishops of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Constantinople Deposed. Anthimus Deposed by Agapitus. Primate of Byzacium. Chapter XV. — Appeals. § 1. Ancient Examples 222 Marcion goes to Rome. Basilides. Cyprian's Judgment. Privatus of Lambesita. Cyprian complains of wanton appeals as calculated to Defeat Justice. Observation of Mr. Allies. Appeal of Athanasius. Letter of Julius. Custom to write first to Rome. Marcel] us of Ancyra. Passage of Socrates. Council of Sardica. St. Basil an Illustrious Witness. Appeal of Chrysostom. § 2. African Controversy 237 Council of Carthage. Appeal of Apiarius. Sardican Canons. Misnomer. Appeals of Bishops. Letter to the Pope. Appeal of Celestius. African Instances of Appeal. § 3. Promiscuous Examples 245 Chelidonius. Flavian. American Editor of Mosheim. Theodoret. John Talaja. Enumeration of Appeals by Barrow. Pope Gelasius. Chapter XVI. — The Church of England. § 1. Britons 249 Introduction of Christianity. British Bishops in Councils of Arles and Sardica. St. Germanus Legate of Celestine to the Britons. Bishops of Cyprus. Autocephalous Character. Forgery of Address of Abbot Dinoth. Fuller's Quaint Acknowledgment. Gregory gives Authority over British Bishops. § 2. Anglo-Saxon Church 253 Canterbury Founded by Augustin. § 3. Paschal Controversy 255 Britons and Irish follow Old Cycle. King Oswin decides in favor of the Roman usage. § 4. Anglo-Saxon Hierarchy 256 Plan Traced by Gregory. Changes made by Vitalian and Agatho. Lichfield raised to Metropolitical Dignity by Adrian. Pallium. Several English Metropolitans go to Rome : some are consecrated by the Pope. Papal Legates. § 5. Acknowledgment of the Primacy 259 Bede. Alcuin. Anglo-Saxon Pontifical. Councils. Deposition of Bishops. Appeal of Wilfrid. § 6. Modern Church of England 263 Plea of Mr. Allies. Measures of Henry VIII. Futile Attempts of Palmer. Female Supremacy. Chapter XVII. — Papal Prerogatives 268 False Decretals. Presidency of the Universal Church. St Leo. Right to Judge in Controversies of Faith. Definitions ex cathedra. Assembly of 1682. Plenitude of Power. New Organization of French Hierarchy. Hypothetical Argument of Bellarraine. Acknowledgment of Voltaire. Relations of Pope to Councils. Not necessary to define extent of prerogative. Observation of Palmer. Chapter XVIII. — Unbroken Succession of the Bishops of Rome 280 Invitation of Augustin. Schism of Novatian. Cornelius Bishop of the Catholic Church. St Cyprian. Felix Intruded. Schisms. Imperial Interference. Great Schism. Absence from Rome. Simouiacal Elections. Interregnums. Fable of Pope Joan. Elizabeth of England. St. Augustin's Appeal. Chapter XIX. — Papal Election. § 1. Imperial Interposition 292 Interference of Odoacer, King of Italy. Eastern Emperor. Popes Consecrated without the Imperial Assent Western Emperors. Oath required by Otho I. Amount of Deference to Emperors. St. Gregory VII. Esclusiva, § 2. Mode of Election 296 Office not to be Bequeathed. Popular Influence. St. Celeetine. Council of Laodicea. Conclave. Chapter XX. — Ceremonies. § 1. Ceremonies after Election 800 Adoration. Kissing of the foot, Ancient Oriental Rite. Chair of State. § 2. Ceremntirs of Coronation 302 Burning of Bunch of Flax. Pallium. Gospel in Latin and Greek. Tiara. Cap of liberty. Address of Council of Baltimore. PART II. SECULAR RELATIONS. Chapter I. — Patrimony of St Peter 309 No Earthly Possessions, or Dominion, given by Christ Wealth of the Roman Church. Donation of Constantine. Humane Treatment of Tenants. French Princes. Title of Patrician. Acts of Sovereignty. Heroism of Leo IV. Relations of Pope and Emperor to the Romans. Gibbon's account of the origin of the Papal Dominion. Anticipations of Dr. Jarvis. Chapter II. — Authority over Princes. § 1. In Matters of Faith and Morals 325 Pontiff' superior to all member of the Church. Gelasius explains the relations of the two powers. Means employed against Princes. § 2. In Secular Concerns 331 No Civil Power now d aimed. Creation of Emperor by Leo III. Britah Critic. Remarkable avowal of Voltaire. Chapter III. — Peace Tribunal 341 Council of Rheims. Louis the Fat Princes sought the Pope's Mediation. St. Anselm. Genoese and Pisans reconciled. Pope's Power implored by both parties. Federal Union. Decree of Lateran. War Sometimes Necessary. Truce of God. Improvement in the Laws of War. Chapter IV. — Deposing Power. § 1. Origin of the Power 351 Abdication of Wamba. Council of Savonieres. Saxons complain to Alexander II. Threats of Gregory VII. Henry IV., seeks his influence to suppress Revolt. Crimes of Henry. Compact. Declaration of Independence. Effects of Excommunication. Views of Gregory. §2. Subsequent Instances 358 Alexander III. sanctions the Lombard League. Frederick II. deposed in Council of Lyons. Act of the Pope. Impeachment of the President § 3. Never formally defined 361 Bull of Boniface VIII. Definition. Excellence of Sacred Power. Canon of Lateran. Acknowledgment of Monarchs. § 4. Deposition of Elizabeth 364 Object of the Sentence. Armada. Conduct of English Catholics. § 5. Disclaimers 365 French Clergy in 1682. Cardinal Antonelli. Bull of Pius VII. Chapter V. — Papal Sanction 368 Transfer of French Crown. Settlement of Succession. Sanction of Treaties. Invasion of Ireland. Grants to Teutonic Knights. Bull of Alexander VI. Baluffi, Wheaton, Prescott Chapter VI. — Papal Polity 377 Christianity the Supreme Law. Remarks of Arnold. Church and State. Mr. Allies. Ecclesiastical Immunities. St. Anselm. St. Thomas of Canterbury. Principles of Government. Liberty. Tuscan League. Elective Principle. Chapter VII. — Crusades 391 Efforts of Sylvester II. Gregory VI. State of the Eastern Christians. Peter the Hermit. Councils of Piacenza, Clermont Discourse of Urban II. League between Greek Emperor and the Crusaders. Defensive Wars. St. Bernard- Indulgences. Alms. Results of the Crusades. Chapter VIII. — Coercion. § 1. Pagaus and Jews 411 Liberty of Conscience vindicated by Tertullian. Ethelbert Council of Toledo. Innocent IV. Facts Regarding the Jews. Rome their Asylum. § 2. Sectaries 413 Conduct of Constantine. Right of Property. Imperial Laws. Antisocial Principles. Outrages of Circumcellions. Council of Carthage. § 3. Crusades against Manicheans 418 Canons of Toulouse and Lateran. Excesses of Sectaries. Assassination of Legate. Instructions of Gregory IX. Testimony of Voltaire. Chapter IX. — Inquisition. § 1. Ancient Tribunal 424 Council of Verona. Quaritores fidei sent by Innocent III. Spirit of Inquisitors. St. Peter de Castelnau. Civil sanction. § 2. Spanish Inquisition 428 Ferdinand of Spain. Object. Treasonable designs of Moors. Royal tribunal. Opposition of Popes to its establishment in Naples and Milan. § 3. Mode of Proceeding 430 Secrecy. Requisites for arrest. Mode of trial. Torture seldom used : long abandoned. Searching process. Exaggerations of Llorente. § 4. Homan Inquisition 435 Congregation of cardinals. Temporal attributions. Archives seized by the French. Heresy regarded as a crime against society. PART III. LITERARY AND MORAL INFLUENCE. Chapter I. — Personal attainments 441 Gregory the Great misrepresented. Testimony of Agatho. Rome the source of letters to the West. Nicholas Breakspere. Chapter II. — Measures to promote learning. § 1. Libraries 448 Popes collectors of books. Vatican library. Nicholas V. § 2. Schools 449 Schools in England. Literary accomplishments of ladies. Decrees of Roman Councils. Universities. Chapter III. — Mediaeval Studies 452 Divinity. St Thomas Aquinas. Aristotle. Modem spirit. Canon law. Oriental languages. Chapter IV. — Revival of Letters 458 Dante. Petrarch crowned in Roman capitol. Poets. Historians. Eloquence. Belles Lettres. Tuscan genius. Testimony of Voltaire. Reformation prejudicial to literature. Greek studies. Ippolita Sforza. Chapter V. — Science. § 1. Medicine 467 Salerno. Montpellier. Anatomy. State physicians. Professorship of Medicine. Natural History. Minerals. Botany. § 2. Astronomy 469 Virgil the Irish missionary. Antipodes. Correction of the calendar by Gregory XIII. Meridians. Earth's motion round the sun. Copernicus. Galileo. Decree of Roman Inquisition. Cassini. Benedict XIV. Chapter VI. — The Arts 476 Rome rendere the arts tributary to religion. Temples and statues. Paintings. St. Peter's. Landscapes. Miniatures. Engraving on diamonds. Chapter VII. — Art of Printing. § 1. Encouragement of Printers 481 Printers at Rome in 1467. Activity of the Roman press. § 2. Restrictions on the Press 485 Decree of Alexander VI. Leo X. Committee appointed by Council of Trent. List of prohibited Books. Freedom of the Press. Chapter VIII. — Moral Influence. § 1. Civilization 488 Struggle of the Popes against Feudalism. Civilization of the Heathen. Missionaries of Germany. Monastic Institutions. Devotion to the Virgin. § 2. Personal Virtues 491 Charity of Roman Bishops. The Martyr Lawrence. Fortitude. Martyre. Pius VI. Pius VII. Humility. Celestine V. § 3. Recognised Sanctity 500 Chapter IX. — Charges against the Popes 502 Formosus. Stephen. Weight of Luitprand's testimony. Boniface VIII. Conduct before receiving orders. Leo X. Innocent X. vindicated. Alexander VI. Character of Pontiffs as Sovereigns. Sixtus IV. Nepotism. Catalogue of the Popes 515 Digitized by Google. Mode of access: Internet