x, 390 pages : 24 cm Includes index pt. I. Paraphrasing -- 1. The bare-bones paraphrase -- Concept of paraphrase -- Reading and paraphrase -- Technique and vocabulary -- Human understanding -- Subtler issues -- Two principles of paraphrasing -- Things to keep in mind -- 2. Reading for structure : dependency and subordination -- Complexity -- Technique and vocabulary -- Useful patterns -- Tricks for tough cases -- Systematic features -- Trial and error exercise -- 3. Reading for reasoning : paraphrasing arguments -- Reading for a particular purpose -- Reading for reasoning -- A shortcut : schematizing directly from a passage -- Charitable schematizing -- pt. II. Analyzing reasoning -- 4. Argument analysis : Answering questions -- Introduction -- Purpose of analysis -- Fundamental concepts : questions and answers -- Refining the apparatus and exercising our skills -- Evaluating arguments : how good are the reasons? -- Interim summary : what we have learned so far -- Dealing with disagreement -- 5. Diagnostic arguments -- Diagnostic questions -- Diagnostic concepts -- Diagnostic articulation -- Refinements -- Diagnostic investigation -- 6. Diagnostic patterns -- Introduction -- Cause and correlation -- Testimony -- Sampling -- Counting cases : induction by enumeration -- Circumstantial evidence -- 7. Further applications : prediction and recommendation -- 8. Fallacies -- Introduction -- Fallacies of construction -- Critical fallacies -- Appendix : Deduction -- Introduction -- Semantic conflict -- Semantic evaluation -- Deductive arguments -- Structure -- Tests and criteria -- Relative strength -- Glossary of important terms