Introduction 1 1. The Greek City-State: Democratic Institutions in Athens 13 2. Plato (427–347 BCE): Justice and Reason 26 3. Aristotle (384–322 BCE): Moral Action and theBest Constitution 49 4. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas: Christian PoliticalThought in the Middle Ages 71 5. Machiavelli (1469–1527): Humanism and Republicanism 86 6. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Contract as the Basisof Political Obligation  103 7. John Locke (1632–1704): Theological Premises andLiberal Limits on Government  125 8. Rousseau (1712–1778): The General Will and Moraland Political Liberty 142 9. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): RepresentativeGovernment as the Maximizer of Utility 16210. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): The Benefits of theLiberty of Men and Women for Society 17911. G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831): The Social Conditions for aNon-Contractual Theory of Freedom 19812. Karl Marx (1818–1883): The State and Class Struggle 216