Believed to be a collected edition of the magazine series of the same name published around the same period.Inside jacket text: Understanding SCIENCEUnderstanding Science is a unique achievement in world publishing, because it makes possible for its readers an achievement of profound importance. Its brilliantly lucid courses of articles put within their reach a real and deep understanding of the fundamentals of all the Sciences.There is nothing superficial about the encyclopaedic coverage of *every* important basic scientific concept, the foundations of the scientific technology on which tomorrow’s civilisation is being built by the leaders of to-day’s world. Thereare full explanations of all basic principles; the articles provide the foundation of comprehension and clear thinking on which examination success must rest, and on which can be based the real development and understanding of scientific aids to progress in industry.Yet the gaining of this inexpressibly important knowledge is made by *Understanding Science* into a pleasure every reader will relish every moment it is used. All the text has been written by a team of outstandingly imaginative science graduates. The plan of the work has been under the direction of the members of the world-famous Consultant Editorial Board. And to set the whole into a blaze of exciting visual discovery for every reader, a large team of Britain’s finest illustrators have created thousands upon thousands of beautiful full-colour pictures that graphically demonstrate everything with striking vividness. Each single illustration is the result of careful planning by the editors.This is indeed a unique work, with a unique reward to offer to everyone who uses it — a broadening of life and experience, the freedom to enter with confidence into the most important and most exciting realm of learning.UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE CLASSIFIED CONTENTS VOLUMES I-XII Vol. I=pages 1-192; Vol. lI=pages 193-384; Vol. Ill=pages 385-576; Vol. IV=pages 577-768; Vol. V=pages 769-960; Vol. VI=pages 961-1152; Vol. VII=pages 1153-1344; Vol. Vill =pages 1345-1536; Vol. IX=pages 1537-1728; Vol. X=pages 1729-1880; Vol. Xl=pages 1881-2024; Vol. Xil=pages 2025-2168 Basic Physics PROPERTIES OF MATTER The Three States of Matter 76Solids, Liquids and Gases 238Density 319The Kinetic Theory ofof Gases 464Elasticity 522Capillary Action 546Surface Tension 580Viscosity 707Relative Humidity 1000Boyle’s Law 1211Stress and Strain 1295Metals Are Made of Crystals 1473The Gas Laws 1522Boiling and Bumping 1579Waves 1644Metallic Strength and Dislocation 1694Fatigue in Metals 1714Brownian Motion 1804Measuring Surface Tension 1831Torsion 1857Measuring Humidity 1953The Method of Dimensions 2150Electromagnetism and the Velocity of Light 2168 FORCES Setting a Flight Course 127Gravity 223Balancing and Centre of Gravity 321Friction 365Moments 368Levers 384Pulleys 493Brakes 544Gears 602The Inclined Plane 753Parallelogram of Forces 894Screws 951Weight and Mass 1391Forces 1461Inertia and Moments of Inertia 1554Finding the Centre of Gravity 1617Resolution of Forces 1733Simple Statics 1920 POWER Work, Energy and Power 150 DYNAMICS The First Law of Motion 48The Second Law 80The Third Law 97How Fast Does it Fall? 132Work, Energy and Power 150Gravitation 257Centrifugal Force 336Energy 364Clutches 576A Pictorial Summary of Gravity 636Bearings and Lubrication 656A Pictorial Summary of Dynamics 664Aerofoils 716Helicopters 728Fluids in Motion 738Gyroscopes 772Wind Tunnels 792Equations of Motion 796The Pendulum 935Rate of Turn Indicator 962Ship’s Stabilizers 980Weighing the Earth 1156Momentum 1217Zero ‘g’ 1330Relative Velocity 1438Inertia and Moments of Inertia 1554Spins and Angular Momentum 1584Fletcher’s Trolley Experiment 1768How High Will it Bounce? 1844Experimental Errors 1914Pendulums 1932Universal Joints 1946 HYDROSTATICS Floating and Sinking 2Hydro-Electric Dams 104Pressure Under Water 113Escaping from a Submarine 161Air Pressure Suits 193Hydraulics 228The Altimeter 260Barometers 320Balloons and Airships 504Siphons 513Pumps 532Archimedes’ Principle 558A Pictorial Summary of Hydrostatics 599Density and Specific Gravity 846 HEAT PHYSICS The Fireless Locomotive 1Thermal Efficiency of Engines 49Temperature and Thermometers 78Absolute Zero 96Solids Expand with Heat 114Thermostats 165The Expansion of Liquids 191The Expansion of Gases at Constant Pressure 258Heat Engines 314The Conduction of Heat 337Convection Currents 362Radiation 399Change of State 460Rocket Fuels 529Specific and Latent Heat 570The Measurement of Heat 621The Liquefaction of Gases 700Domestic Refrigerators 756Conversion of Temperature Scales 831Measuring Heat 854Latent Heat Calculations 900Linear Expansion 988Solar Cookers 1153The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1175The First Law of Thermodynamics 1244Central Heating 1262Refrigerators and the Second Law 1312The Third Law of Thermodynamics 1328Pressure Cookers 1361Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 1447Black Bodies—the Perfect Radiators 1526Newton’s Law of Cooling 1538Colour Temperature 1627Vapour Pressure 1691The Vapour Diffusion Pump 1834Temperature Control 1879Measuring Thermal Conductivity 1886Joly’s Steam Calorimeter 1905The Porous Plug Experiment 2084 OPTICS The Magic of Mirrors (plane mirrors) 17Curved Mirrors 54Refraction 122Mirages 175Light and Lenses 204The Formation of Images 236Mirror and Lens Images 245Defects of Lenses 272The Eye and its Defects 287The Camera 308Telescopes 326Diascopes and Epidiascopes 403Prisms and Periscopes 449Spectra 502Colour Mixing 520Colour Filters 606Photometry 628Interference 667Diffraction 746Polarization 754Velocity of Light 782Doppler Effect—The Red Shift 810The Spectrum, Seen and Unseen 862The Ultra-Violet 902The Infra-Red 916The Electron Microscope 948The Rainbow 986Manufacture of Lenses 993Inspecting Surfaces 1026Schlieren Photography 1062The Ruby Laser 1080The Colour of the Sky 1120What is Light? 1196Phosphors 1204The Origin of the Spectrum 1246Television—by Laser 1302The Compound Microscope 1341X-ray Diffraction 1346The Photoelectric Effect 1364Newton’s Rings 1466The Photomultiplier 1478Photoflash 1489Telephoto Lenses 1512Finding the Focal Length 1550Quick Analysis by Spectroscopy 1572Principles of the Spectroscope 1587The Diffraction Grating 1606The Blooming of Lenses 1708Testing a Microscope 1752The Optical Bench 1814Fresnel’s Biprism 1904Lens Combinations 1944The Phase-Contrast Microscope 2022Rayleigh’s Criterion 2108Optical Density Measurements 2145 SOUND Vibration and Sound 22Musical Instruments 36Sound Waves 128Resonance 176Harmonics 194The Ear 234The Microphone 241Echoes 305Acoustics of Buildings 488The Velocity of Sound 560Pitch 588Doppler Effect 612Ultrasonics 708Supersonic Bangs 1048Hearing Aids 1395The Record Pick-Up 1518Beats and Piano Tuning 1553The Electronic Organ 1618Stereo—Sound in Three Dimensions 1672The Measurement of Sound and Noise 1682The Velocity of Sound 1700Bels and Decibels 1772Seeing Stationary Waves 2144 ATOMIC PHYSICS The Spectrum—Energy Chart of the Molecule 1864The Band Theory of Solids 1884Spinning Electrons Split Lines 1916Work Function 1941Quanta—Bundles of Energy 2046X-Ray Spectra 2162 Electrical and Nuclear Physics MAGNETISM The ‘Loves’ and ‘Hates’ of Magnets 16One Magnet Makes Another 38Magnetic Fields 126Solenoids—Magnetic Workhorses 134Making Permanent Magnets 251Electromagnets 301Terrestrial Magnetism 450The Magnetic Compass 593Magnetic Materials 676Magnetic Tape 689A Pictorial Summary of Magnets 748Magnetic Measurements 1096Hysteresis 1134Radiation Belts Round the Earth 1576 ELECTRICITY An Electric Circuit 12The Making of Electricity (Generator Principle) 19Electricity Made by Chemical Means 39The Thermocouple 60Inside the Lightmeter 69The Current in a Circuit 87Resistances in Parallel 101The Third Pin (Earthing) 144The Reason Most Countries Have an Electric Grid 158Electric Current—AC and DC 174Paying for Electricity 179The Heating Effect of a Current 216Electroplating 262Aluminium and Electrolysis 273The Ammeter 325The Loudspeaker 352Electrical Theory Behind the Microphone 353Telephones 383Relays 412The Automatic Telephone Exchange 429Telegraphy 433Transformers and What They Do 462The Principle of D.C. Electric Motors 470D.C. Motors—The Commutator 485D.C. Motors—Back E.M.F. and Starting Resistance 500D.C. Motors—Series and Shunt 516Chokes and Inductive Reactance 592Current Lag and Lead 597A Pictorial Summary of Voltage, Current and Resistance 646Ohm’s Law 774Rectification 794Resistance in Series and Parallel 815Smoothing 826Discharge Tubes 847Motor which Synchronises with the Mains 872The Induction Motor 892Specific Resistance 947Conductors and Insulators 970Superconductivity 1072Thermo-Electricity—The Peltier Effect 1078Resistance and Voltage Drop 1168Storing Energy in Reservoirs 1192The Potentiometer 1230The Wheatstone Bridge 1258Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis 1282Fuses 1290Fuel Cells 1298Electric Clocks 1377Ring Circuits 1402Measuring Currents and Voltages 1556Voltage Doublers and Treblers 1592Gases—the Reluctant Conductors 1624The Induction Coil 1638The Telephone Dial 1651Three-Phase Supply 1666Finding the Live Wire 1713Induction Heating 1746The Lead Accumulator 1852Capacitors in Series and Parallel 1856The Electrostatic Voltmeter 1862Prolonging the Life of an Accumulator 1878Alternating Power—R.M.S. 1936Impedance 1964Capacitance and the Farad 1989Switches and Circuit Breakers 2044Electricity from the Tide 2070Electric Fields 2092Matching 2124Power Transport—Transmission Lines 2136 STATIC ELECTRICITY Friction Can Make an Electric Charge 436Capacitors 1 534Capacitors 2 554Capacitors 3 572Lightning Conductors 616The Van de Graaf Generator 640The Gold Leaf Electroscope 802Faraday’s Ice Pail Experiment 1450Capacitors—the Dielectric 1488Electrolytic Capacitors 1547 ELECTRONICS The Electronic Age 184Thermionic Emission 203The Anode of a Thermionic Valve 222The Diode and how it Conducts 230Variation of Valve Voltages 252The Valve with the Third Electrode 267The Triode Valve as an Amplifier 277The Circuit of an Audio Frequency Amplifier 302Tuned Circuits 316Radio Tuning 334The Radio Receiver Fequency Stage of a Radio Receiver 339Power Rectifiers 366The Diode Detector 369Selecting and Detecting Radio Signals 390A Simple Radio Receiver 407The Anode Bend Detector 428Oscillatory Circuits 490The Fixed Frequency Oscillator 524The Principle of a Radio Transmitter 540The Superhet Radio Receiver 573The Cathode Ray Tube 654The Electron Beam 672The Time Base of an Oscilloscope 684Suppressing the Flyback Trace of an Oscilloscope 694Synchronizing the Oscilloscope 718Deflecting the Beam 727The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 759Comparing Frequencies with an Oscilloscope 842Semi-conducting Diodes 990The Junction Transistor 1020Radio Broadcasting 1038Transistor Circuits—The Common Emitter 1050Superconductivity 1072Radio Waves 1087Transistors—A Practical Amplifier 1094The Colour Code 1118The Transistor Superhet Radio Receiver 1st stage 1150The Transistor Superhet Radio Receiver 2nd stage 1178Detecting the Signal 1214Fourth Stage of the Transistor Superhet 1274The Complete Transistor Superhet Receiver 1320Aligning the Superhet 1356Television Detector Vans 1368Introduction to Television 1414The Electronic Clock 1432Radio and Television Interference 1480The Electronic Organ 1618A Pictorial Summary of Valves and Transistors 1769Impedance 1964Finding the Characteristics of a Valve 1970Television Aerials 1978Amplification—Classes A, B and C 2034Computer Memories 2058Waveguides 2062Tunnel Diodes 2076Aerials—Resistance to Radiation 2101Valves at High Frequencies—The Beam Triode 2158 NUCLEAR PHYSICS Radioactivity—The Break-Up of Atoms 33The Protection Living Things Need From Radioactivity 65Transmutation of Elements 129Vapour Trails of Atomic Particles—The Wilson Cloud Chamber 147Linear Accelerators 168Detecting Radioactivity—The Geiger Counter 202What are Isotopes? 817Mass Spectrograph 849What Happens When an Atom Decays 942Uranium and the Radioactive Series 974The Half-Life Period 998Atom-Smashing Machines—The Cyclotron 1034Uses of the Cyclotron 1114Uses of Radioactive Isotopes 1124The Synchroton 1164Splitting the Atom 1222Chain Reaction 1308Cosmic Rays 1338Power from Atoms 1350The Electron-Positron Pair 1380 NEW METHODSOF POWER GENERATION M.H.D.—Electricity from Hot Gases 1788Electricity from Semi-Conductors 1816Electrical Power from a Diode Valve 1842 Mathemetics MATHEMATICS The Powers of Ten 924Using Logarithms 940The Slide Rule 956Introducing the Electronic Computer 1016The Digital Computer 1066Simple Interest 1102The Analogue Computer 1105Permutations 1140Square Roots 1268Graphs 1371The Gradient of a Graph 1420The Area Under a Graph 1499The Cone and its Family of Curves 1590Trigonometry 1661The Theorem of Pythagoras 1702Introduction to Calculus 1734Differentiating from First Principles 1750Maxima and Minima 1764Congruent and Similar Triangles 1800Converging and Diverging Series 1854Number Systems 1974The Number Line 1977Mathematical Mapping 1992Sets and Venn Diagrams 2004A Variable in a Set 2020Introducing the Rationals 2036Fractions and Decimals 2040Prime Numbers and Cancelling 2060The Irrationals 2061Mathematical Rules 2080Units 2094Ratio and Proportion 2104Graphs and Equations 2112Inequalities and Linear Programming 2130Significant Figures 2143Mapping Into Logarithms 2154Matrices 2164 Chemistry ATOMIC CHEMISTRY Everything is Made of Atoms 5The Weight of One Atom 29Atoms in Partnership 51The Givers and Takers—Valency 102Chemical Terms 198Crystal Structures 242Valency Demonstration 254Solutions 270Colloids 358Molecular and Equivalent Weights 472Double Valencies 486Ions 581pH Acidity 800Arranging the Elements 874Water of Crystallization 977Allotropy 1022Heat From Chemical Reactions 1030Determination of Molecular Weights 1100Snowflakes and the Hydrogen Bond 1598Avogadro’s Number 1614Naming Chemical Compounds 1795Electrons Make Bonds 1960 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Solubility 1182Flame 1186Law of Constant Composition 1280Law of Multiple Proportions 1309Monolayers 1344The Fountain Experiment 1355Phase Diagrams and Distillation 1406Chemical Reagents 1429Solubility of Gases 1454The Clock Reaction 1470Avogadro’s Law 1500Distribution Coefficient and the Washing-Up 1562Partial Pressures 1630Chemical Equilibrium—and the Law of Mass Action 1647Vapour Pressure 1691Solubility Product 1710Removing Impurities 1726The Phase Diagram for Water 1739Dry Cells 1780Osmotic Pressure and Molecular Weight 1948Vapour to Liquid—the Critical Point 1984Photochemical Reactions 1996Le Chatelier’s Principle 2072Steam Distillation 2095Ion Measurement and Titrations 2140 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Families of Natural Elements 91Oxygen and Oxides 108Hydrogen – the Water Producer 124Water 145Acids 162Halogens and the Salts in the Sea 171Bases 177Salts 212Inert Gases and the Anti-social Elements 240Sulphur and its Compounds 275Nitrogen and Ammonia 299Nitric Acid 347Phosphorus 426Carbon and its Inorganic Compounds 508The Hardness of Water 604Boron and Silicon 625The Alkali Metals 644Strontium and Barium 686Sodium Compounds 737Copper 758Silver and Gold 787A Pictorial Summary of Oxygen, Hydrogen and Water 822Zinc and Cadmium 837Mercury 886Making Gases in the Laboratory 906Germanium 930Tin 984Lead 1054Introduction to Analysis 1084Purification of Gases 1146Analysis—Negative Radicals 1198Nickel 1236Group Analysis 1254Cobalt 1285Acid-Alkali Titrations 1323Tungsten 1342Finding the Formula 1412Making a Chemical Garden 1456Oxidation and Reduction 1484What’s in a Sixpence ?—Gravimetric Analysis 1622Sorting Out the Metals—Group I 1650Eight Insoluble Sulphides—Group II 1670Moving Ions Ferry the Current 1686Three Insoluble Hydroxides—Group llI 1690Four More Insoluble Sulphides—Group IV 1712Three Insoluble Carbonates—Group V 1728The Final Group—Group VI 1732Refining Precious Metals 1773Alloys 1836Normal Solutions 1908Hydrides 1926Fluorine and the Fluorides 1952Chlorine and its Compounds 1972The Heavy Halogens 2029Drying Agents 2048Titanium 2052The Transition Elements 2082Summary of Cells 2106Ozone 2117Acidic and Basic Oxides 2156 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Carbon Chains—Candles to Jet Fuels 61The Distillation of Coal—Carbon Rings 88T.N.T.—Another Ring Compound 154Alcohol 232Aldehydes and Ketones 322Acetic Acid 447Carbolic Acid 542The Making of Soap 549Structural Isomers 620Why are Dyes Coloured? 661Polymers 730Making Margarine 922The Paraffins 966The Olefines 1014Acetylene 1110Building Carbon Chains 1166Stereoisomers 1228The Benzene Ring 1276Aniline and the Azo Dyes 1310Identifying Organic Compounds 1388Combustion Analysis 1436The Amines— Chemistry’ s Fishy Compounds 1510The Amides 1521Cyanides 1542Enzymes, the Organic Catalysts 1566The Phenols 1596Going Down the Series 1634Phenolphthalein 1675Carbohydrates—Energy Storers 1730Summary of Organic Groups 1759Antifreeze—Ethylene Glycol 1790Chelating Agents—Chemical Crabs 1824Grignard Reagents 1890 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Chemical Combination 139Oxidation 285Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium 310Hydrolysis 330Decomposition and Replacement Reactions 395Catalysts 563A Pictorial Summary of Reactions in Chemistry 712Chemical Equations 804 INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY Making Portland Cement 455Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid 514The Solvay Process 586Manufacture of Caustic Soda 682Polythene Manufacture 742Manufacture of Polystyrene 856The Extraction of Copper 865Fractional Distillation 918Filtration 1004Sedimentation 1044The Refining of Sugar 1057Cellulose Film 1090Blast Furnaces 1122Steel 1208Manufacture of Nylon 1444Water Gas 1516The Lurgi Process 1580Hydrogen Peroxide—Rocket Fuel and Bleach 1659What are Silicones? 1761Plastics—a Man-made World 1961 Biology BASIC BIOLOGY All Living Things are Made of Cells 10Animals and Plants which are Single Cells 40The Way Living Cells are Constructed for the Work They Do 72Classification of Plants 136Classification of Animals 151Why a Plant Needs Water 188Photosynthesis 206Mineral Nutrition in Plants 209How Plant Cells Use Food 289Parasites, Saprophytes and Insect-eating Plants 349The Fate of our Food 372An Introduction to Dissection 386Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins 452Vitamins 494Parasitic Animals 518The Plant Stem 594The Root 630Leaf Form and Function 662The Flower 680Section Cutting and Staining 688The Pollination of Flowers 734From Flower to Fruit 740The Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds 764Biological Control 789Structure of Animals: Part I 807Vegetative Reproduction 820Structure of Animals—Chordates 828The Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant 833Plants That Need No Sunlight 867Symbiosis 895Mosses and their Relatives 926Some Household Insects 964The Spider’s Web 992Grasses 1008Ferns 1018The Aquarium 1024The Ant Colony 1028Reproduction in Animals 1036Viruses 1046Beavers—Animal Engineers 1064Fishes—Prolific Egg Producers 1076The Living Organism 1092Spores and Seeds 1099The Cone Bearers 1108Amphibious Life Stories 1116Living Light Producers 1128Feeding in Snakes 1136Scaly Egg-Layers 1144Nature’s Gifted Nest Builders 1170Mammals That Lay Eggs 1203Lichens—Two Plants in One 1233The Pouched Mammals 1248Seaweed 1250The Placental Mammals 1278Squirrels and their Kin 1300Cacti 1316Soils 1332Animal Electricity 1336The Clothes Moth 1345Regeneration 1352The Case for Evolution 1378Scorpions 1392Imitation in Nature 1404Spiny-Skinned Animals 1418How Evolution Works 1430Seals 1448Insect Stings 1457Movement in Plants 1468Slugs and Snails 1486Food Storage in Plants 1504Insect Musicians 1524Woodlice—Crustaceans on Land 1537Experimenting with Water in Plants 1548Testing Plant Food Reserves 1565Feathers 1570Plants that Move About 1612Amoeba—The Shape Changer 1633The Honey Makers 1654Colour in the Animal World 1668Dragonflies 1685Nature’s Dustmen 1720Insects That Resist Insecticides 1725Making Floral Diagrams 1729The World of Earthworms 1741Wood and how it is Formed 1756What is a Species? 1766Hibernation—The Winter Sleep 1776Why Animals Become Extinct 1802Horsetails—The ‘Scouring Rushes’ 1812Spirogyra 1821Octopuses and their Allies 1826The Story of the Lung 1840Animals that Change Colour 1850Animal Behaviour 1869Hydra—A Hollow-Bodied Animal 1888Aphids 1896Bark 1906Elephants of Past and Present 1917Trichomes—Plant Hairs 1942Beaks of Birds 1990Plants that Climb 2002The Flatworm 2006Feet of Birds 2013Experiments with Soil 2016The Quality of Food 2026Bivalve Molluscs—Filter Feeders 2032Living Fossils 2038Reproductive Methods 2057Testing Foods 2064Paedomorphosis—New Animals from Old 2078The Other Annelids 2090Convergent and Parallel Evolution 2102The Incredible Eel 2118Thorns, Prickles and Spines 2120Keeping Afloat 2138Migration and Emigration 2148Mechanism of the Stoma 2157 ANTHROPOLOGY The Origins of Man 498The Human Species 609Australopithecus—Man or Ape? 1698Pithecanthropus—a Fossil Man 1881Homo Neanderthalensis—Man’s Extinct Cousin 2066 PHYSIOLOGY An Introduction to the Process of Living 26Are Skeletons Necessary? 64Animals with no Hard Skeleton 84Endoskeletons 116Exoskeletons—The Exoskeletons of Arthropods 166The Architecture of Shells 226Muscles for Movement—The Vertibrates 282Muscles and Exoskeletons 306Nervous Systems in Invertebrates 355Feeding and Digestion in Invertebrates 397Feeding and Digestion in Vertebrates 414Vertebrate Nervous Systems 418Operation of Muscle by Nerves 458Autonomic Nervous Systems 466The Human Heart and Circulation 482The Heart and Circulation in Vertebrates 510Respiration 530Breathing in Man 552Air-Breathing in Vertebrates 561Body Fluids 578The Body Fluids of Invertebrates 618The Senses 651Taste and Smell 674Sight 705Seeing in Depth and Colour 721Hearing and Balance 776The Senses of Insects 851The Senses of the Fishes 910The Work of the Kidney 936Removal of Body Waste 958Glands that Produce Hormones 972The Pituitary—Master Gland 1002The Adrenal Glands 1070The Thyroid Gland 1103The Parathyroid Gland 1137The Pancreas 1188Haemoglobin 1264Staining Tissues and Cells 1272Reproduction in Man 1292The Liver—Chemical Laboratory 1306Voice and Speech 1600The Skin and What it Does 1636Cartilage—The Body’s Shock Absorber 1833Bone and Bones 1950Living Fire 2122 ECOLOGY The Pastures of the Sea 55Benthos—Life on the Sea Floor 264Nekton 839Life in the Sea 881The Sea-Shore 1082Pond Life 1160Life in Rivers and Streams 1219Conserving Nature 1472Rain Forests—The Plant Paradise 1496How Many Frogs? 1558Peat Bogs 1594Polar Regions 1603Deserts 1656Dragonflies 1685Mountain Life 1929Nocturnal Life 1954Communities of Plants 2086 MEDICINE Disease-Causing Organisms 98Keeping Towns Healthy 268Anaesthetics 332Water Supplies 404The Structure and Development of Teeth 430Disorders of the Teeth and Jaws 434An Introduction to Bacteriology 607Man Against Bacteria 669Physiotherapy 744The Purification of Sewage 888The Stethoscope 1121Insects that Transmit Disease 1148Bacteriologists at Work 1475The Rhesus Factor 1681Control of Epidemic Disease 1818The Radio Pill 1883Sleeping Sickness and the Tsetse Fly 1968Breathing Machines 2134The Artificial Kidney 2160 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Irrigation 156The Plough 292Land Drainage 476The Natural History of Weeds 548The Combine Harvester 695Controlling Weeds 932Composting 1006Fertilizers 1112The Potato 1154Tobacco 1242The Locust Problem 1256Preserving our Woodland 1288Crops Without Soil 1329The Story of Cocoa 1362Grafting and Budding 1569The Story of Tea 1628Disease in Plants 1792Leguminous Crops 1924New Methods in Farming 2073The Biology of Milk 2098 FEEDING THE WORLD’S POPULATION Can the Earth Produce Enough Food? 1958Game Ranching 1982Farming the Seas 1994 GENETICS Cells and their Structure 769The Reproduction of the Cell 812Mendel—The Science of Genetics 858Parents and their Offspring 952Nucleic Acids 1845Linked Genes and Chromosomes 1876 PSYCHOLOGY Freud and His Theories 526 Technology INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES Using a Micrometer 8Using a Chemical Balance 24Using a Microscope 42Using a Condenser 59Using a Sextant 106Surveying Methods and Use of the Theodolite 118Measuring Weather 133The Spectroscope 312Using an Oscilloscope 380Air Compressors 385The Blood Pressure Gauge 406Developing Films 424The Speedometer 461Charging Accumulators 465The Stereoscope 496Swinging a Compass 497Bourbon Pressure Gauges 528Using a Voltmeter 627Using an Astronomical Telescope 648Using a Microtome 912Introducing the Kyograph 929Kipp’s Apparatus 955The Gas Meter 961Melting Point Apparatus 1216Measuring Liquids 1286The Electroencephalograph 1383Accurate Weighing 1398The Barograph 1425How Acidic is It?—pH Meters 1458Resistance Thermometers 1494The Redwood Viscometer 1649Measuring Low Pressures 1676The Ballistic Galvanometer 1718The Soxhlet Apparatus 1892Measuring Flash Point 1910Counting Blood Cells 1981The Spherometer 1988Bubble Chambers 2008The Flame Photometer 2121 APPLIED SCIENCE The Story of Glass from Sandpit to Window Frame 46Rolling Metals into Shape 68Preserving Foods by Refrigeration 120The Processing of Milk by Pasteurisation 142The Use of Yeast in Breadmaking 225Solar Power for Satellites 248Pressures in High-Flying Aircraft 328Lead Paints—Their Uses and Manufacture 410Penicillin Manufacture 438Cotton Spinning 467Bread Making 506The Manufacture of Paper 536The Fire Fighters 779Photographic Enlargement 785Rangefinders 870Sound Film 884Machine-Made Bricks 904Cables Under the Sea 920Preparing Vaccines 982Brewing Beer 1032Natural and Artificial Curls 1056Chromatography 1127Canning 1130Office Copying Machines 1162Contact Lenses 1172Leather Tanning 1190Oyster Farming 1206Artificial Gems 1240The Crystal Clock 1252Household Chemicals 1266Fuses 1290Screws 1304Adhesives 1318The Public Analyst 1359Pure Water by Ion Exchange 1374Cosmetics 1384Dry Cleaning 1393Compost from Town Refuse 1434Simple Glass Working 1462Cork 1482Boring Holes in Cork 1501Gas Chromatography 1502Detecting Art Fakes 1507Metal Working and the Metallurgist 1532Biochemists at Work 1574Sandpaper and Abrasives 1610Heat from the Earth 1704Flame-Resistant Material 1745Clearing the Air 1786Built-In Fire Detectors 1797Accelerated Freeze Drying 1809Dosimetry—Pen Meters and Film Badges 1858Fresh Water from the Sea 1866Self-reliant Bacteria—A Cause of Corrosion 1912Radiation Shielding 1940The Damping of Oscillations 1956How Long is a Metre? 2011Mapping with a Plane-Table 2014Water Pollution 2042Streamlining—Ships and Submarines 2049Propellers and Cavitation 2097Explosions 2114Common Chemicals 2166 TECHNOLOGY The Workshop Lathe 70Cutting Metals with Gases 86Printing Plates 200Bleaching 214Ship Building 296Stroboscopes 342Pneumatic Tools 360The Principles of Soldering 590Reading a Circuit Diagram 614Fundamentals of the Automobile 632The Automobile Engine 642The Parts of the Engine 659Valves and Valve Operation 678Carburettors 702The Petrol Supply System 710The Ignition System 751Engine Lubrication 767Wind Tunnels 792Cooling the Engine 798The Motor Vehicle Electrical System 844The Simple Gearbox 898Syncromesh Gears 925The Propeller Shaft and Final Drive 938The Differential 976X-ray Photography 987Front-Wheel Drive 1009Making a Print 1040Colour Photography 1074Two-Pedal Control 1098The Suspension System 1133Steering 1200Cleaning Glassware 1212Chromium Plating 1226Photofinish 1234The Diesel Engine 1314Printing Processes 1422Traffic Lights 1426The Steam Turbine 1688Mirror Making 1736The Airspeed Indicator and Pitot Tube 1778Power Braking 1822Soldering Transistors 1872Heating Things in the Laboratory 1900Welding Materials Together 1998Blind Landing Systems 2030Compression Ratios 2069Forging Metals 2088Laboratory Glassware 2126 ENGINEERING Workshop Practice: How Metal is Cut 698The Working Properties of Metals 1 732The Working Properties of Metals 2 763Uses of Alloys 1902 PHOTOGRAPHY Outlines of Photography—The Camera 1806Introduction to Photography—Lenses and Apertures 1829Introduction to Photography —Films and Filters 1848Introduction to Photography—Finding the Range and Exposure 1898Instant Photographs 1922 CIVIL ENGINEERING Concrete 1838Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete 1874Industrialized Building 1938Road Making 1966 Natural Sciences ASTRONOMY The Length of a Day 32The Sun 197The Planets 478The Moon 657Precession 879The Birth and Death of a Star 1010Sunspots 1069Comets 1176Mars 1201Venus 1260Jupiter 1442Pulsating Stars 1514Measuring the Extent of the Universe 1543Saturn’s Rings 1601The Age and Origin of the Universe 1722Stars and Galaxies 1748Communicating by Satellite 1934Families of Stars 2018The Curvature of Space 2025Meteors and Meteorites 2054Supernovae and the Origin of Iron 2085Olber’s Paradox 2109 GEOLOGY The Structure of the Earth 218The Geological Time Scale 344Fuels from Ancient Forests 1138Natural Gas 1184Earthquakes 1194The Sedimentary Rocks 1224Limestones 1245Reading the Rocks 1326Soils 1332Igneous and Metamorphic Rock 1400Oil Geology 1464Folds and Faults 1582The Work of the Geologist 1782A Pictorial summaary of the Earth’s History 1893How Caves are Formed 2110First Signs of Life 2152 METEOROLOGY The Heat Balance of the Atmosphere 376The Winds of the World 555Condensation and Precipitation 638The Wandering Air Masses 968Fronts 1042Thunderstorms 1142Hurricanes and Typhoons 1180The Formation of Fog 1530Clouds and their Formation 1559Snow and Hail 1640The Jet Streams 1697Monsoons 2128 NAVIGATION Time and Time Zones 15Latitude and Longitude 45 MINERALOGY Identifying Minerals 81Ferro-Alloy Minerals 421More Metallic Minerals 444 OCEANOGRAPHY Ocean Waves 110Salinity 280The Ocean Floor 913Ocean Currents 1534Tides—The Ocean’s Pulse 1678 GEOPHYSICS Formation of the Earth 180The Heat Balance of the Atmosphere 376 ANTHROPOLOGY The Origins of Man 498The Human Species 609 PALAEOGEOGRAPHY The World As It Was 294Continental Drift 392Palaeozoic North America 566Mesozoic North America 583Cenozoic North America 1284Cambrian Britain 1348Ordovician Britain 1386Silurian Britain 1410Devonian Britain 1452Carboniferous Britain 1505Permo-Triassic Britain 1540Jurassic Britain 1585Cretaceous Britain 1642Tertiary Britain 1692Quaternary Britain 1716Reporting Past Weathers 1986 CARTOGRAPHY Map Projections 723 GEOMORPHOLOGY Weathering 538The Agents of Erosion 622The Work of Ice 860The Work of Rivers 995Volcanic Eruptions 1052The Geological Work of Wind 1159The Work of the Sea 1269How Mountains Are Made 1366 PALAEONTOLOGY What are Fossils? 440The Age of Graptolites 1013The Finding of Dinosaur Eggs 1060Pollen Grains—Clues to the Past 1313Trilobites 1376Brachiopods and Graptolites 1440The First of the Backboned Animals 1492Vertebrates Conquer the Land 1528Ammonites and their Relatives 1568The Ruling Reptiles 1608Birds of Ancient Skies 1620The Mammals Take Over 1663Looking for Fossils 1785Fossil Plants—History of the Plant Kingdom 1860 FAMOUS SCIENTISTS Newton’s Colour Disc 4Queen Elizabeth’s Doctor (Gilbert) Discovers the Earth is a Magnet 23Guericke and his Giant Vacuum Sphere 44Leeuwenhoek’s ‘Little Beasties’ 75Pasteur—Enemy of Disease 95Kepler—the Man who Wrote the Laws of the Planets 112Lavoisier and the Phlogiston Affair 141Sir Ronald Ross and his Discoveries about Malaria 149Malpighi—Pioneer of the Microscope 173Dewar and his Vacuum Flask 192Charles Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle 221William Smith—Father of English Geology 259Faraday and his Laws of Electrolysis 304Alessandro Volta and the Simple Cell 375Auguste Piccard 401Count Rumford 417Sir James Simpson 448Oersted and the Deflecting Needle 481Torricelli 503Tycho Brahe 523Robert Millikan and the Charge on the Electron 535Humboldt 545James Hutton and the Doctrine of Uniformitarianism 577Linnaeus The Classifier 624Sir Humphry Davy and the Safety Lamp 673Gay-Lussac 704Henri Fabre—Friend of the Insects 720Pascal and his Calculating Machine 784Benjamin Franklin, Scientist and Statesman 801William Harvey, M.D. 832Henri Becquerel 878Bohr and his Atomic Model 891Robert Koch, Bacteriologist 897Lord Rutherford, The Man Who Founded Nuclear Physics 945Fleming and his Discovery of Penicillin 1025Sir John Cockcroft 1041Joseph Lister—Surgery with Safety 1073Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1089Thomas Graham and his Law Diffusion 1158Robert Hooke 1169Adam Sedgwick 1185Alfred Russell Wallace 1232William Perkin, Founder of the Synthetic Dye Industry 1239William Herschel 1249Thomas Henry Huxley 1265Pavlov and His Dogs 1281Thomas Young 1297John Dalton and his Atomic Theory 1335Joseph Priestley 1370Robert Bunsen 1408Georg Simon Ohm 1409John Logie Baird 1441Luigi Galvani 1552Wilhelm Scheele 1564Kekulé—Chemical Architect 1616Max Planck—The Quantum Theory 1632Percival Lovell and the Martian Canals 1665Louis de Broglie and the Waves of Matter 1707Henry Cavendish, Chemist and Physicist 1744John Ray The Naturalist 1755Joseph Black and the Measurement of Heat 1820I.K. Brunel and the Great Western 1928Sir William Henry Bragg 1965Alexander Popov 2001Carnot and His Cycle 2037Edward Jenner, M.D. 2096Lamarck—His Contribution to Science 2133 FAMOUS LABORATORIES The Cavendish Laboratory 987