Illuminated Manuscripts 1909CONTENTS Book I CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY What is meant by art? — The art faculty — How artists may be compared — The aim of illumination — Distinction between illumination and miniature — Definition of illumination — The first miniature painter — Origin of the term "miniature" — Ovid's allusion to his little book 1 CHAPTER II VELLUM AND OTHER MATERIALS Difference between vellum and parchment — Names of different preparations — The kinds of vellum most prized for illuminated books — The "parcheminerie" of the Abbey of Cluny — Origin of the term "parchment" — Papyrus 6 CHAPTER III WRITING Its different styles — Origin of Western alphabets — Various forms of letters — Capitals, uncials, etc. — Texts used in Western Europe — Forms of ancient writings — The roll, or volume — The codex — Tablets — Diptychs, etc. — The square book — How different sizes of books were produced 11 CHAPTER IV GREEK AND ROMAN ILLUMINATION The first miniature painter — The Vatican Vergils — Methods of painting — Origin of Christian art — The Vienna Genesis — The Dioscorides — The Byzantine Revival 19 CHAPTER V BYZANTINE ILLUMINATION The rebuilding of the city of Byzantium the beginning of Byzantine art — Justinian's fondness for building and splendour — Description of Paul the Silentiary — Sumptuous garments — The Gospel-book of Hormisdas — Characteristics of Byzantine work — Comparative scarcity of examples — Rigidity of Byzantine rules of art — Periods of Byzantine art — Examples — Monotony and lifelessness of the style 24 CHAPTER VI CELTIC ILLUMINATION Early liturgical books reflect the ecclesiastical art of their time — This feature a continuous characteristic of illumination down to the latest times — Elements of Celtic ornament — Gospels of St. Chad — Durham Gospels — Contrast of Celtic and Byzantine — St. Columba — Book of Kells — Details of its decoration 36 CHAPTER VII CELTIC illumination — continued The Iona Gospels — Contrast with Roman and Byzantine — Details — Treatment of animal forms — Colour schemes — The Gospel-book of St. Columbanus — That of Mael Brith Mac Durnan — The Lindisfarne Gospels — Cumdachs — Other book-shrines 44 CHAPTER VIII SEMI-BARBARIC ILLUMINATION Visigothic — Merovingian — Lombardic — Extinction of classic art — Splendid reign of Dagobert — St. Eloy of Noyon — The Library of Laon — Natural History of Isidore of Seville — Elements of contemporary art — Details of ornament — Symbolism — Luxeuil and Monte Cassino — Sacramentary of Gellone — "Prudentius" — "Orosius" — Value of the Sacramentary of Gellone 49 CHAPTER IX DEVELOPMENT OF THE INITIAL The initial and initial paragraph the main object of decoration in Celtic illumination — Study of the letter L as an example — The I of "In principio " and the B of "Beatus Vir" 56 CHAPTER X FIRST ENGLISH STYLES Transition from Iona to Lindisfame — Influence of Frankish art — The "Opus Anglicum" — The Winchester school and its characteristics — Whence obtained — Method of painting — Examples — Where found and described page 58 CHAPTER XI CAROLINGIAN ILLUMINATION Why so-called — Works to be consulted — The Library of St. Gall — Rise and progress of Carolingian art — Account of various MSS. — Feature of the style — Gospels of St. Semin — The Ada-Codex — Centres of production — Other splendid examples — The Alcuin Bible — The Gospel of St. Medard of Soissons 62 CHAPTER XII MONASTIC ILLUMINATION Introductory — Monasteries and their work from the sixth to the ninth century — The claustral schools — Alcuin — Warnefrid and Theodulf — Clerics and monastics — The Golden Age of monasticism — The Order of St. Benedict — Cistercian houses — Other Orders — Progress of writing in Carolingian times — Division of labour 71 CHAPTER XIII MONASTIC ILLUMINATION — continued The copyist — Gratuitous labour — Last words of copyists — Disputes between Cluny and Citeaux — The Abbey of Cluny: its grandeur and influences — Use of gold and purple vellum — The more influential abbeys and their work in France, Germany, and the Netherlands 78 CHAPTER XIV OTHONIAN ILLUMINATION Departure from Carolingian — Bird and serpent — Common use of dracontine forms in letter-ornament — Influence of metal-work on the forms of scroll-ornament — The vine-stem and its developments — Introduction of Greek taste and fashion into Germany — Cistercian illumination — The Othonian period — Influence of women as patronesses and practitioners — German princesses — The Empress Adelheid of Burgundy — The Empress Theophano — Henry II. and the Empress Cunegunda — Bamberg — Examples of Othonian art 84 CHAPTER XV FRANCONIAN ILLUMINATION The later Saxon schools — Bern ward of Hildesheim — Tuotilo and Hartmut of St. Gallen — Portrait of Henry II. in MS. 40 at Munich — Netherlandish and other work compared — Alleged deterioration of work under the Franconian Emperors not true — Bad character of the eleventh century as to art — Example to the contrary page 93 CHAPTER XVI ARTISTIC EDUCATION IN THE CLOISTER The "Manual" — Its discovery — Its origin and contents — Didron's translation — The "Compendium" of Theophilus — Its contents — English version by Hendrie — Benedictine and Cistercian illumination — How they differ — Character of monastic architects and artists 101 CHAPTER XVII THE RISE OF GOTHIC ILLUMINATION Germany the chief power in Europe in the twelfth century — Rise of Italian influence — The Emmeram MSS. — Coronation of Henry II. — The Apocalypse — The "Hortus Deliciarum" — Romanesque — MS. of Henry the Lion — The Niedermunster Gospels — Description of the MS. — Rise of Gothic — Uncertainty of its origin — The spirit of the age 110 Book II CHAPTER I THE GOLDEN AGE OF ILLUMINATION The Gothic spirit — A "Zeitgeist" not the invention of a single artist nor of a single country — The thirteenth century the beginning of the new style — Contrast between North and South, between East and West, marked in the character of artistic leaf- work — Gradual development of Gothic foliage — The bud of the thirteenth century, the leaf of the fourteenth, and the flower of the fifteenth — The Freemasons — Illumination transferred from the monastery to the lay workshop — The Psalter of St. Louis — Characteristics of French Gothic illumination — Rise of the miniature as a distinct feature — Guilds — Lay artists 123 CHAPTER II RISE OF NATIONAL STYLES The fourteenth century the true Golden Age of Gothic illumination — France the cradle of other national styles — Netherlandish, Italian, German, etc. — Distinction of schools — Difficulty of assigning the provenance of MSS. — The reason for it — MS. in Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge — The Padua Missal — Artists' names — Whence obtained page 134 CHAPTER III FRENCH ILLUMINATION FROM THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TO THE RENAISSANCE Ivy-leaf and chequered backgrounds — Occasional introduction of plain burnished gold — Reign of Charles VI. of France — The Dukes of Orleans, Berry, and Burgundy; their prodigality and fine taste for MSS. — Christine de Pisan and her works — Description of her "Mutation of Fortune" in the Paris Library — The "Roman de la Rose" and "Cite des Dames" — Details of the French style of illumination — Burgundian MSS, Harl. 4431 — Roy. 15 E. 6 — The Talbot Romances — Gradual approach to Flemish on the one hand and Italian on the other 139 CHAPTER IV ENGLISH ILLUMINATION FROM THE TENTH TO THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY Organisation of the monastic scriptoria — Professional outsiders : lay artists — The whole sometimes the work of the same practitioner — The Winchester Abbeys of St. Swithun's and Hyde — Their vicissitudes — St. Alban's — Westminster — Royal MS. 2 A 22 — Description of style — The Tenison Psalter — Features of this period — The Arundel Psalter — Hunting and shooting scenes, and games — Characteristic pictures, grotesques, and caricatures — Queen Mary's Psalter — Rapid changes under Richard II. — Royal MS. 1 E. 9 — Their cause 149 CHAPTER V THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ILLUMINATION Attributed to the Netherlands — Not altogether French — The home of Anne of Bohemia, Richard II.'s queen — Court of Charles IV. at Prag — Bohemian Art — John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia — The Golden Bull of Charles IV. — Marriage of Richard II. — The transformation of English work owing to this marriage and the arrival of Bohemian artists in England — Influence of Queen Anne on English Art and Literature — Depression caused by her death — Examination of Roy. MS. 1 E. 9 and 2 A. 18 — The Grandison Hours — Other MSS. — Introduction of Flemish work by Edward IV. page 161 CHAPTER VI ITALIAN ILLUMINATION Barbaric character of Italian illumination in the twelfth century — Ravenna and Pavia the earliest centres of revival — The "Exultet" — La Cava and Monte Cassino — The writers of early Italian MSS. not Italians — In the early fourteenth century the art is French — Peculiarities of Italian foliages — The Law Books — Poems of Convenevole da Prato, the tutor of Petrarch — Celebrated patrons — The Laon Boethius — The Decretals, Institutes, etc. — "Decretum Gratiani," other collections and MSS. — Statuts du Saint Esprit — Method of painting — Don Silvestro — The Rationale of Durandus — Nicolas of Bologna, etc. — Triumphs of Petrarch — Books at San Marco, Florence — The Brera Graduals at Milan — Other Italian collections — Examples of different localities in the British Museum — Places where the best work was done — Fine Neapolitan MS. in the British Museum — The white-vine style superseded by the classical renaissance 171 CHAPTER VII GERMAN ILLUMINATION FROM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Frederick II., Stupor Mundi, and his MS. on hunting — The Sicilian school mainly Saracenic, but a mixture of Greek, Arabic, and Latin tastes — The Franconian Emperors at Bamberg — Charles of Anjou — The House of Luxembourg at Prag — MSS. in the University Library - The Collegium Carolinum of the Emperor Charles IV. — MSS. at Vienna — The Wenzel Bible — The Welt-chronik of Rudolf v. Ems at Stuttgard — Wilhelm v. Oranse at Vienna — The Golden Bull — Various schools — Hildesheimer Prayer-book at Berlin — The Nuremberg school — The Glockendons — The Brethren of the Pen 186 CHAPTER VIII NETHERLANDISH ILLUMINATION What is meant by the Netherlands — Early realism and study of nature — Combination of symbolism with imitation — Anachronism in design — The value of the pictorial methods of the old illuminators — The oldest Netherlandish MS. — Harlinda and Renilda — The nunnery at Maas-Eyck — Description of the MS. — Thomas a Kempis — The school of Zwolle — Character of the work — The use of green landscape backgrounds — The Dukes of Burgundy — Netherlandish artists — No miniatures of the Van Eycks or Memling known to exist — Schools of Bruges, Ghent, Liige, etc. — Brussels Library — Splendid Netherlandish MSS. at Vienna — Gerard David and the Grimani Breviary — British Museum — "Romance of the Rose" — "Isabella" Breviary — Grisailles page 195 CHAPTER IX THE FRENCH RENAISSANCE Communication with Italy — Renaissance not sudden — Origin of the schools of France and Burgundy — Touraine and its art — Fouquet — Brentano MSS. — "Versailles Livy" — Munich "Boccaccio," etc. — Perrial and Bourdichon — "Hours of Anne of Brittany" — Poyet — The school of Fontainebleau — Stained glass — Jean Cousin — Gouffier "Heures" — British Museum Offices of Francis I. — Dinteville Offices — Paris "Heures de Montmorency," "Heures de Dimeville," etc 208 CHAPTER X SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ILLUMINATION Late period of Spanish illumination — Isidore of Seville — Archives at Madrid — Barcelona — Toledo — Madrid — Choir-books of the Escorial — Philip II. — Illuminators of the choir-books — The sire and beauty of the volumes — Fray Andris de Leon and other artists — Italian influence — Giovanni Battista Scorza of Genoa — Antonio de Holanda, well-known Portuguese miniaturist in sixteenth century — His son Francesco — The choir-books at Belem — French invasion — Missal of Gonial vez — Sandoval Genealogies — Portuguese Genealogies in British Museum — The Stowe Missal of John III 226 CHAPTER XI ILLUMINATION SINCE THE INVENTION OF PRINTING The invention of printing — Its very slight affect on illuminating — Preference by rich patrons for written books — Work produced in various cities in the sixteenth century — Examples in German, Italian, and other cities, and in various public libraries up to the present time 239 MANUSCRIPTS THAT MAY BE CONSULTED 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY 277 INDEX 286  "Manuscripts that may be consulted as examples": pages 244-276 Includes bibliographical references (pages 277-285) and index