Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. 3 volumes : 20 cm 1. View of the Castilian monarchy before the fifteenth century : State of Spain at the middle of the fifteenth century ; Early history and constitution of the castle ; The Visigoths ; Invasion of the Arabs ; Its influence on the condition of the Spaniards ; Causes of their slow reconquest of the country ; Their ultimate success certain ; Their religious enthusiasm ; Influence of their minstrelsy ; Their charity to the infidel ; Their chivalry ; Early importance of the Castilian towns ; Their privileges ; Castilian Cortes ; Its great powers ; Its boldness ; Hermandades of the castile ; Wealth of the cities ; Period of the highest power of the commons ; The nobility ; Their privileges ; Their great wealth ; Their turbulent spirit ; The cavalleros or knights ; The clergy ; Influence of the Papal court ; Corruption of the clergy ; Their limited extent of the royal prerogative ; Poverty of the crown ; Its causes ; Anecdote of Henry III, of Castile ; Constitution at the beginning of the fifteenth century ; Constitutional writers on Castile ; Notice of marina and sempere -- 2. Review of the constitution of Aragon, to the middle of the fifteenth century : Rise of Aragon ; Foreign conquests ; Code of soprarbe ; The ricos hombres ; The immunities ; Their turbulence ; Privileges of union ; Their abrogation ; The legislature of Aragon ; Its forms of proceeding ; Its powers ; The general privilege ; Judicial functions of Cortes ; Preponderance of the commons ; The justice of Aragon ; His great authority ; Security against its abuse ; Independent execution of it ; Valencia and Catalonia ; Rise and opulence of Barcelona ; Her free institutions ; Haughty spirit of the Catalans ; Intellectual culture ; Poetic academy of tortosa ; Brief glory of Limousin ; Constitutional writers on Aragon ; Notices of blancas, martel, and capmany -- 3. State of Castile at the birth of Isabella-reign of John II of Castile : Revolution of trastamara ; Accession of John II ; Rise of Alvaro de Luna ; Jealousy of the nobles ; Oppression of the commons ; Its consequences ; Early literature of Castile ;Its encouragement under John II ; Marquis of Villena ; Marquis of Santillana ; John de Mena ; His influence ; Baena's cancionero ; Castilian literature under John II ; Decline of Alvaro de Luna ; His fall ; His death ; Lamented by John ; Death of John II ; Birth of Isabella -- 4. Condition of Aragon during the minority of Ferdinand- reign of John II of Aragon : John of Aragon ; Title of his son Carlos to Navarre ; He takes arms against his father ; Is defeated ; Birth of Ferdinand ; Carlos retires to Naples ; He passes into Sicily ; John II succeeds to the crown of Aragon ; Carlos reconciled with his father ; Is imprisoned ; Insurrection of the Catalans ; Carlos released ; His death ; His character ; Tragical story of Blanche ; Ferdinand sworn heir to the crown ; Besieged by the Catalans in Gerona ; Treaty between France and Aragon ; General revolt in Catalonia ; Successes of John ; Crown of Catalonia offered to Rene' of Anjou ; Distress and embarrassments of John ; Popularity of the Duke of Lorraine ; Death of the Queen of Aragon ; Improvement in John's affairs ; Siege of Barcelona ; It surrenders -- 5. Reign of Henry IV of Castile- civil war- marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella : Popularity of Henry IV ; He disappoints expectations ; His dissolute habits ; Oppression of the people ; Debasement of the coin ; Character of Pacheco, Marquis of Villena ; Character of the archbishop of Toledo ; League of nobles ; Deposition of Henry at Avila ; Division of parties ; Intrigues of the Marquis of Villena ; Henry disbands his forces ; Proposition for the marriage of Isabella ; Her early education ; Projected union with the grand master of calatrava ; His sudden death ; Battle of Olmedo ; Civil anarchy ; Death and character of Alfonso ; His reign a usurpation ; The crown offered to Isabella ; She declines it ; Treaty between Henry and the confederates ; Isabella acknowledged heir to the crown at Toros de Guisando ; Suitors to Isabella ; Ferdinand of Aragon ; Support of Joanna Beltraneja ; Proposal of the King of Portugal rejected by Isabella ; Their marriage ; Notice of the Quincuagenas of Oviedo -- 6. Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella- war of the succession- battle of Toro : Title of Isabella ; She is proclaimed queen ; Settlement of the crown ; Partisans of Joanna ; Alfonso of Portugal supports her cause ; He invades Castile ; He espouses Joanna ; Castilian army ; Ferdinand marches against Alfonso ; He challenges him to personal combat ; Disorderly retreat of the Castilians ; Appropriation of the church plate ; Reorganization of the army ; King of Portugal arrives before Zamora ; Absurd position ; He suddenly decamps ; Overtaken by Ferdinand ; Battle of Toro ; The Portuguese routed ; Isabella's thanksgiving for the victory ; Submission of the whole kingdom ; The King of Portugal visits France ; Returns to Portugal ; Peace with France ; Active measures of Isabella ; Treaty of peace with Portugal ; Joanna takes the veil ; Death of the king of Portugal ; Death of the king of Aragon -- 7. Internal Administration of the Castile : Scheme of reform for the government of Castile ; Administration of justice ; Establishment of the Hermandad ; Code of the Hermandad ; Ineffectual opposition of the nobility ; Tumult at Segovia ; Isabella's presence of mind ; Isabella visits Seville ; Her splendid reception there ; Severe execution of justice ; Marquis of Cadiz and Duke of Medina Sidonia ; Royal progress through Andalusia ; Impartial execution of the laws ; Reorganization of the tribunals ; King and queen presides in the courts of justice ; Re-establishment of order ; Reform of the jurisprudence ; Code of ordenancas reales ; Schemes for reducing the nobility ; Military orders of Castile ; Order of St. Jago ; Order of Calatrava ; Order of Alcantara ; Grand-masterships annexed to the crown ; Their reformation ; Usurpations of the church ; Resisted by Cortes ; Difference with the pope ; Restoration of trade ; Salutary enactments of Cortes ; Prosperity of the kingdom ; Notice of Clemencin -- 8. Establishment of the modern inquisition : Origin of the ancient inquisition ; Its introduction into Aragon ; Retrospective view of the Jews into Spain ; Under the Arabs ; Under the Castilians ; Persecution of the Jews ; Their state at the accession of Isabella ; Charges against them ; Bigotry of the age ; Its influence on Isabella ; Character of her confessor Torquemada ; Papal Bull authorizing the inquisition ; Isabella resorts to milder measures ; Enforces the Papal Bull ; Inquisition at Seville ; Proofs of Judaism ; The sanguinary proceedings of the inquisitors ; Conduct of the Papal court ; Final organization of the inquisition ; Forms of trial ; Torture ; Injustice of its proceedings ; Autos da Fe ; Convictions under Torquemada ; Perfidious policy of Rome ; Notice of Llorente's history of the inquisition -- 9. Review of the political and intellectual condition of the Spanish Arabs previous to the war of Granada : Early successes of Mahometanism ; Conquest of Spain ; Western Caliphate ; Form of government ; Character of the sovereigns ; Military establishment ; Sumptuous public works ; Great Mosque of Cordova ; Revenues ; Mineral wealth of Spain ; Husbandry and manufactures ; Population ; Character of Alhakem II. ; Intellectual development ; Dismemberment of the Cordovan Empire ; Kingdom of the Granada ; Agriculture and commerce ; Resources of the crown ; Luxurious character of the people ; Moorish gallantry ; Chivalry ; Unsettles state of Granada ; Causes of her successful resistance ; Literature of the Spanish Arabs ; Circumstances favorable to it ; Provisions for learning ; The actual results ; Averroes ; Their historical merits ; Useful discoveries ; The impulse given by them to Europe ; Their elegant literature ; Poetical character ; Influence on the Castilian ; Circumstances prejudicial to their reputation ; Notices of Casiri, Conde, and Cardonne -- 10. War of Granada- surprise of Zahara- capture of Alhama : Zahara surprised by the Moors ; Description of Alhama ; The Marquis of Cadiz ; His expedition against Alhama ; Surprise of the fortress ; Valor of the citizens ; Sally upon the Moors ; Desperate combat ; Fall of Alhama ; Consternation of the Moors ; The Moors besiege Alhama ; Raises the siege ; Meeting of two armies ; The sovereigns at Cordova ; Alhama invested again by the moors ; Isabella's firmness ; Ferdinand raises the siege ; Vigorous measures of the queen ; 11. War of Granada.- unsuccessful attempt on Loja- defeat in the Axarquia : Siege of Loja ; Castilian forces ; Encampment before Loja ; Skirmish with the enemy ; Retreat of the Spaniards ; Their disastrous situation ; They resolve to force a passage ; Difficulties of the ascent ; Dreadful slaughter ; Marquis of Cadiz escapes ; Losses of the Christians -- 12. War of Granada- general view of the policy pursued in the conduct of this war : Abdallah marches against the Christians ;Ill omens ; Marches on Lucena ; Battle of Lucena ; Capture of Abdallah ; Losses of the Moors ; Moorish embassy to Cordova ; Debates in the Spanish council ; Treaty with Abdallah ; Interview between two kings ; General policy of the war ; Incessant hostilities ; Devastating forays ;Strength of the Moorish fortresses ; Description of the pieces ; Of the kinds of ammunition ; Roads for the artillery ; Defenses of the Moors ; Terms to the vanquished ; Supplies for the army ; Isabella's care of the troops ;Her perseverance in the war ; Policy towards the nobles ; Composition of the army ; Swiss mercenaries ; The English lord scales ; The queen's courtesy ; Magnificence of the nobles ; Their gallantry ; Isabella visits the camp ; Royal costume ; Devout demeanor of the sovereigns ; Ceremonies on the occupation of a city ; Release of the Christian captives ; Policy in fomenting the Moorish factions ; Christian conquests ; Notice of Fernando del Pulgar ; Notice of Antonio de Lebrija -- V. 2 13. Internal affairs of the kingdom- inquisition in Aragon : Isabella enforces the laws ; Chastisement of certain Ecclesiastics ; Marriage of Catharine of Navarre ; Liberation of Catalan serfs ; Inquisition in Aragon ; Remonstrances of Cortes ; Conspiracy formed ; Assassination of Arbues ; Cruel persecutions ; Inquisition throughout Ferdinand's dominions -- 14. War of Granada.- surrender of Velez Malaga.- siege and conquest of Malaga : Position of Velez Malaga ; Army before Velez ; Defeat of El Zagal ; Narrow escape of Ferdinand ; Surrender of Velez ; Description of Malaga ; Sharp rencontre ; Malaga invested by sea and land ; Brilliant spectacle ; Extensive preparations ; The queen visits the camp ; Summons of the town ; Danger of the Marquis of Cadiz ; Civil feuds of the Moors ; Attempt to assassinate the sovereigns ; Distress and resolution of the besieged ; Enthusiasm of the Christians ; Discipline of the army ; General Sally ; Generosity of a Moorish knight ; Outworks carried ; Grievous famine ; Proposals for surrender ; Haughty demeanor of Ferdinand ; Malaga surrenders at discretion ; Purification of the city ; Entrance of the sovereigns ; Release of Christian captives ; Lament of the Malagans ; Sentence passed on them ; Wary device of Ferdinand ; Cruel policy of the victors ; Measures for repeopling Malaga -- 15. War of Granada.- conquest of Baza- submission of el Zagal. : The sovereigns visit Aragon ; Inroads into Granada ; Border war ; Embassy from Maximillian ; Preparations for the siege of Baza ; The king takes command of the army ; Position and strength of Baza ; Assault on the garden ; Despondency of the Spanish chiefs ; Dispelled by Isabella ; Gardens cleared of their timber ; City closely invested ; Mission from the sultan of Egypt ; Houses erected for the army ; Its strict discipline ; Heavy tempest ; Isabella's energy ; Her patriotic sacrifices ; Resolution of the besieged ; Isabella visits the camp ; Suspension of arms ; Baza surrenders ; Conditions ; Occupation of the city ; Treaty of surrender with El Zagal ; Occupation of the city ; Treaty of surrender with El Zagal ; Painful march of the Spanish army ; Interview between Ferdinand and El Zagal ; Occupation of El Zagal's domain ; Equivalent assigned to him ; Difficulties of this campaign ; Isabella's popularity and influence ; Notice of Peter Martyr -- 16. War of Granada- siege and surrender of the city of Granada : The infant Isabella ; Public festivities ; Granada summoned in vain ; Knighthood of Don Juan ; Ferdinand's policy ; Isabella deposes the judges of Chancery ; Ferdinand musters his forces ; Encamps in the Vega ; Position of Granada ; Moslem and Christian chivalry ; The queen surveys the city ; Skirmish with the enemy ; Conflagration of the Christian camp ; Erection of Santa Fe ; Negotiations for surrender ; Capitulation of Granada ; Commotions in Granada ; Preparations for occupying the city ; The cross raised on the Alhambra ; Fate of Abdallah ; Results of the war of Granada ; Its moral influence ; Its military influence ; Destiny of the Moors ; Death and character of the marquis of Cadiz ; Notice of Bernaldez, curate of Los Palacios ; Irving's chronicle of Granada -- 17. Application of Christopher Columbus at the Spanish court : Maritime enterprise of the Portuguese ; Early Spanish discoveries ; Early history of Columbus ; Belief of land in the west ; Columbus applies to Portugal ; To the court of Castile ; Referred to a council ; His application rejected ; He prepares to leave Spain ; Interposition in his behalf ; Columbus at Santa Fe ; Negotiations again broken off ; The queen's favorable disposition ; Final arrangement with Columbus ; He sails on his first voyage ; Indifference to his enterprise ; Acknowledgements due to Isabella -- 18. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain : Excitement against the Jews ; Fomented by the clergy ; Violent conduct of Torquemada ; Edict of expulsion ; Its severe operation ; Constancy of the Jews ; Routes of the emigrants ; Their sufferings in Africa ; In other countries ; Whole number of exiles ; Disastrous results ; True motives of the edict ; Contemporary judgments ; Mistaken piety of the queen -- 19 Attempted assassination of Ferdinand- return and second voyage of Columbus : The sovereigns visit Aragon ; Attempt on Ferdinand's life ; General consternation ; Loyalty of the people ; Slow recovery of the king ; Punishment of the assassin ; Return of Columbus ; Discovery of the West Indies ; Joyous reception of Columbus ; His progress to Barcelona ; Interview with the sovereigns ; Sensations caused by the discovery ; Board for Indian affairs ; Regulations of trade ; Preparations for a second voyage ; Conversion of the natives ; New powers granted to Columbus ; Application to Rome ; Famous bulls of Alexander VI ; Jealousy of the court Lisbon ; Wary diplomacy ; Second voyage of Columbus ; Mission to Portugal ; Disgust of John II ; Treaty of Tordesillas -- 20.Castilian literature- cultivation of the court- classical learning.- science : Ferdinand's education neglected ; Instruction of Isabella ; Her collection of books ; Tuition of the infantas ; Of Prince John ; The queen's care for the education of her nobles ; Labors of martyr ; Of Lucio Marineo ; Scholarship of the nobles ; Accomplished women ; Classical learning ; Lebrija ; Arias Barbosa ; Merits of the Spanish scholars ; Universities ; Sacred studies ; Other sciences ; Printing introduced ; The queen encourages it ; Its rapid diffusion ; Actual progress of science -- 21. Castilian literature- romances of chivalry- lyrical poetry- the drama : This reign an epoch in polite letters ; Romances of chivalry ; Their pernicious effects ; Ballads or romances ; Early cultivation in Spain ; Resemblance to the English ; Moorish minstrelsy ; Its date and origin ; Its high repute ; Numerous editions of the ballad ; Lyric poetry ; Cancionero general ; Its literary value ; Low state of lyric poetry ; Coplas of Manrique ; Rise of the Spanish drama ; Tragicomedy of Celestina ; Criticism on it ; It opened the way to dramatic writing ; Numerous editions of it ; Juan de la Encina ; His dramatic eclogues ; Torres de naharro ; His comedies ; Similar in spirit with the later dramas ; Not acted in Spain ; Low condition of the stage ; Tragic drama ; Olivia's classic imitations ; Not popular ; National spirit of the literature of this epoch ; Moratin's dramatic question -- 22. Italian wars- general view of Europe- invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. of France : Foreign politics directed by Ferdinand ; Europe at the close of the fifteenth century ; Character of the reigning sovereigns ; Improved political and moral condition ; More intimate relations between states ; Foreign relations conducted by the sovereign ; Italy the school of politics ; Internal prosperity ; Intrigues of Sforza ; Charles VIII. of France ; His pretensions to Naples ; Negotiations respecting Roussillon ; Charles's counselors in the pay of Ferdinand ; Treaty of Barcelona ; Its importance to Spain ; Alarm at the French invasion, in Italy ; In Europe, especially Spain ; Preparations of Charles ; An envoy sent to the French court ; Announces Ferdinand's views ; Charles's dissatisfaction ; The French cross the Alps ; Italian tactics ; The Swiss infantry ; French artillery ; Sforza jealous of the French ; The Pope confers the title of Catholic ; Naval preparations in Spain ; Second mission to Charles VIII. ; Bold conduct of the envoys ; The king of Naples flies to Sicily ; The French enter Naples ; General hostility to them ; League of Venice ; Zurita's life and writings -- 23. Italian wars- retreat of Charles VIII- campaigns of Gonsalvo de Cordova- final expulsion of the French : Conduct of Charles ; Plunders the works of art ; Retreat of the French ; Gonsalvo de Cordova ; His early life ; His brilliant qualities ; Raised to the Italian command ; Arrives in Italy ; Lands in Calabria ; Marches on Seminara ; Gonsalvo's prudence ; Battle of seminara ; Defeat of the Neapolitans ; Gonsalvo retreats to Reggio ; Ferdinand recovers his capital ; Gonsalvo in Calabria ; His successes ; Decline of the French ; Besieged in Atella ; Gonsalvo surprises Laino l Arrives before Atella ; Receives the title of Great Captain ; Beats a detachment of Swiss ; Capitulation of Montpensier ; Miserable state of the French ; Death of Ferdinand of Naples ; Accession of Fredrick II ; Total expulsion of the French ; Remarks on Guicciardini and Glovio ; Sismondi -- 24. Italian wars- Gonsalvo succors the pope- treaty with France- organization of the Spanish militia : War on the side of Roussillon ; The Pope asks the aid of Gonsalvo ; Storming and capture of Ostia ; Gonsalvo enters Rome ; His reception by the Pope ; Returns to Spain ; Peace with France ; Ferdinand's views respecting Naples ; His fame acquired by the war ; Influence of the war on Spain ; Organization of the militia -- 25. Alliances of the royal family- death of prince John and princess Isabella : Royal family of Castile ; Joanna Beltraneja ; Marriage of princess Isabella ; Death of her husband ; Alliances with the house of Austria ; And that of England ; Joanna embarks ; The queen's anxiety ; Margret of Austria ; Returns in the fleet ; Marriage of John and Margaret ; Second marriage of princess Isabella ; Sudden illness of prince John ; His death ; His amiable character ; The king and queen of Portugal visit Spain ; Objections to their recognition ; Isabella displeased ; Her daughter's death ; Its effects on Isabella ; Prince Miguel's recognition -- 26. Death of cardinal Mendoza- rise of Ximenes.- ecclesiastical reform : Death of Mendoza ; His early life ; And character ; His amours ; The queen his executor ; Birth of Ximenes ; He visits Rome ; His return and imprisonment ; Established at Siguenza ; Enters the Franciscan order ; His severe penance ; His ascetic life ; He is made guardian of Salzeda ; Introduced to the queen ; Made her confessor ; Elected provincial ; Corruption of the monasteries ; Attempts at reform ; See of Toledo vacant ; Offered to Ximenes ; He reluctantly accepts ; Characteristic anecdotes of Ximenes ; His austere life ; Reform in his diocese ; Example of his severity ; Reform of the monastic orders ; Great excitement caused by it ; Visit of the Franciscan general ; Insults of the queen ; The pope's interference ; Consents to the reform ; Its operation and effects ; Alvaro Gomez and biographies of Ximenes -- 27. Ximenes in Granada- persecution, insurrection, and conversion of the Moors : Introductory remarks ; Ximened, his constancy of purpose ; Tranquil state of Granada ; Tendilla ; Talavera ; Archbishop of Granada ; His mild policy ; The clergy dissatisfied with it ; Temperate sway of the sovereigns ; Ximenes in Granada ; His violent measures ; Destroys Arabic books ; Mischievous effects ; Revolt of the Albaycin ; Ximenes besieged in his palace ; The insurgents appeased by Talavera ; Displeasure of the sovereigns ; Ximenes hastens to the court ; Conversion of Granada ; Applauded by the Spaniards -- 28. Rising in the Alpujarras- death of Alonso de Aguilar- edict against the Moors : The Alpujarras ; Rising of the Moors ; Huejar sacked ; Ferdinand marches into the mountains ; Carries lanjaron ; Punishment of the rebels ; Revolt of the Sierra Vermeja ; Rendezvous at Ronda ; Expedition into the Sierra ; The Moors retreat up the mountains ; Return on the Spaniards ; Alonso de Aguilar ; His gallantry and death ; His noble character ; Bloody rout of the Spaniards ; Dismay of the nation ; The rebels submit to Ferdinand ; Banishment or conversion ; Commemorative ballads ; Melancholy reminisces ; Edict against the Moors of Castile ; Christianity and Mahometanism ; Causes of intolerance ; Aggravated in the fifteenth century ; Effects of the inquisition ; Defects of the treaty of Granada ; Evasion of it by the Christians ; Priestly casuistry ; Last notice of the Moors in the present reign -- 29. Columbus- prosecution of discovery- his treatment by the court : Progress of discovery ; Misconduct of the colonists ; Complaints against Columbus ; His second return ; The queen's confidence in him unshaken ; Honors conferred on him ; His third voyage ; Discovers Terra Firma ; Mutiny in the colony ; Loud complaints against Columbus ; Bigoted views in regard to heathen ; More liberal sentiments of Isabella ; She sends back the Indian slaves ; Authority to Bobadilla ; Outrage on Columbus ; Deep regret of the sovereigns ; Commission to Ovando ; Groundless imputations on the government ; The admiral's despondency ; His fourth and last voyage ; Remarkable fate of his enemies -- 30. Spanish colonial policy : Careful provision for the colonies ; Liberal grants ; License for private voyages ; Their success ; Indian department ; Casa de contratacion ; Important papal concessions ; Spirit of the colonial legislation ; The queen's seal for converted the natives ; Unhappily defeated ; Immediate profits from the discoveries ; Origin of the venereal disease ; Moral consequences of the discoveries ; Their geographical extent ; Histories of the new world ; Peter Martyr ; Herrera ; Munoz. V. 3 : 31. Italian wars- partition of Naples- Gonsalvo over- runs Calabria : Louis XII.'s designs on Italy ; Politics of that country ; The French conquer Milan ; Alarm of the Spanish court ; Remonstrance to the Pope ; Boldness of Garcilasso de la Vega ; Negotiations with Venice and the emperor ; Louis openly menaces Naples ; Views of Ferdinand ; Fleet fitted out under Gonsalvo de Cordova ; Partition of Naples ; Ground of Ferdinand's claim ; Gonsalvo sails against the Turks ; Storming of St. George ; Honors paid to Gonsalvo ; The queen hastens to her ; Isabella's distress ; Her illness and fortitude ; The French invade Spain ; Siege of salsas ; Isabella's exertions ; Ferdinand's successes ; Truce with France ; Reflections on the campaign ; Impediments to historic accuracy ; Speculative writers -- 32. Italian wars- condition of Italy- French and Spanish armies on the garigland : Melancholy condition of Italy ; Views of the Italian states ; Of the emperor ; Great preparations of Louis XII. ;Death of Alexander VI. ; Electioneering intrigues ; Julius II. ; Gonsalvo repulsed before Gaeta ; Strength of his forces ; Occupies San Germano ; The French encamp on the Gargliano ; Passage of the bridge ; Desperate resistance ; The French resume their quarters ; Anxious expectation of Italy ; Gonsalvo strengthens his position ; Great distress of the army ; Gonsalvo's resolution ; Remarkable instance of it ; Patience of the Spaniards ; Situation of the French ; Their insubordination ; Saluzzo takes the command ; Heroism of Paredes and Bayard -- 33. Italian wars- rout of the Garigliano- treaty with Grance- Gonsalivo's military conduct : Gonsalvo secures the Orsini ; Assumes the offensive ; Plan of attack ; Consternation of the French ; They retreat on Gaeta ; Action at the bridge of Mola ; Hotly contested ; Arrival of the Spanish rear ; The French routed ; Their loss ; Gallantry of their chivalry ; Capitulation of Gaeta ; Gonsalvo's courtesy ; Chagrin of Louis XII. ; Sufferings of the French ; The Spaniards occupy Gaeta ; Public enthusiasm ; Extortions of the Spanish troops ; Gonsalvio's liberality to his officers ; Apprehensions of Louis XII. ; Treaty with France ; Gallantry of Louis d'Ars ; Causes of the French failures ; Review of Gonsalvo's conduct ; His reform of the service ; Influence over the army ; His confidence in their character ; Position of the army ; His confidence in their character ; Position of the army ; Results of the campaigns ; Memoirs of Gonsalvo de Cordova ; French chronicles -- 34. Reign and death of Philip I- proceeding in Castile- Ferdinand visits Naples : Philip and Joanna ; Philip's arbitrary government ; Reckless extravagance ; Troubles from the inquisition ; Ferdinand's distrust of Gonsalvo ; He sails for Naples ; Gonsalvo's loyalty ; Death of Philip ; His character ; Provisional government ; Joanna's condition ; Convocation of Cortes ; Ferdinand received with enthusiasm ; His entry into Naples ; Restores the Angevins ; General dissatisfaction -- 35. Ferdinand's return and regency- Gonsalvo's honors and retirement : Meeting of Cortes ; Joanna's insane conduct ; She changes her ministers ; Disorderly state of Castile ; Distress of the kingdom ; Ferdinand's politic behavior ; He leaves Naples ; Gonsalvo de Cordova ; Grief of Neapolitans ; Brilliant interview of Ferdinand and Louis ; Compliments to Gonsalvo ; The king's reception in Castile ; Joanna's retirement ; Irregularity of Ferdinand's proceedings ; General amnesty ; He establishes a guard ; His excessive severity ; Disgust of the nobles ; Gonsalvo's progress through the country ; Ferdinand breaks his word ; The queen's coolness ; Gonsalvo withdraws from court ; Splendor of his retirement -- 36. Ximenes.- conquests in Africa- university of Alcala- Polyglot Bible : Policy of Ferdinand's severity ; Enthusiasm of Ximenes ; His designs against Oran ; His warlike preparations ; His perseverance ; Sends an army to Africa ; Addresses the troops ; The command left to Navarro ; Battle before Oran ; The city stormed ; Moorish loss ; Ximenes enters Oran ;Opposition of his general ; His distrust of Ferdinand ; Ximenes returns to Spain ; Refuses public honors ; Navarro's African conquests ; College of Ximenes at Alcala ; Its magnificence ; Provisions for education ; The king visits the university ; Polygot edition of the Bible ; Difficulties of the task ; Grand projects of Ximines -- 37. Wars and politics of Italy : Projects against Venice ; League of Cambray ; Its origin ; Louis XII. invades Italy ; Resolution of Venice ; Alarm of Ferdinand ; Investiture of Naples ; Holy League ; Gaston de Foix ; His character ; The French retreat ; Venice disgusted ; Battle of Novara ; Of La Motta ; The Spaniards victorious ; Daru's "histoire de Venise" -- 38. Conquest of Navarre ; Sovereigns of Nabarre ; Distrust of Spain ; Negotiations with France ; Ferdinand demands a passage ; Navarre allied to France ; Invaded by Alva ; And conquered ; Character of Jean d'Albret ; Discontent of the English ; Discomfiture of the French ; Treaty of Orthes ; Ferdinand settles his conquests ; United with Castile ; The king's conduct examined ; Right of passage ; Imprudence of Navarre ; It authorizes war ; Gross abuse of victory ; Authorities for the history of Navarre -- 39. Death of Gonsalvo de Cordova- illness and death of Ferdinand- his character : Maximilian's pretensions ; Gonsalvo ordered to Italy ; General enthusiasm ; The king's distrust ; Gonsalvo goes into retirement ; The king's desire for children ; Decline of his health ; Gonsalvo's illness and death ; Public grief ; His character ; His private virtues ; His want of faith ; His loyalty ; Ferdinand's illness increases ; His insensibility to his situation ; His last hours ;His death and testament ; His body transported to Granada ; His person and character ; His temperance and economy ; His bigotry ; Accused of hypocrisy ; His perfidy ; His shrewd policy ; His insensibility ; Contrast with Isabella ; Gloomy close of his life ; His kingly qualities ; Judgment of his contemporaries -- 40. Administration, death, and character of Cardinal Ximenes : Disputes respecting the regency ; Charles proclaimed king ; Anecdote of Ximines ; His military ordinance ; His domestic policy ; His foreign policy ; Assumes the sole power ; Intimidates the nobles ; Public discontents ; Treaty of Noyon ; Charles lands in Spain ; His ungrateful letter ; The Cardinal's last illness ; His death ; His character ; His versatility of talent ; His despotic government ; His moral principle ; His disinterestedness ; His monastic austerities ; His economy of time ; His person ; Parallel with Richelieu ; Notice of Galindez de Carbajal -- 41. General review of the administration of Ferdinand and Isabella : Policy of the crown ; Depression of the nobles ; Their great power ; Treatment of the church ; Care of morals ; State of the commons ; Their consideration ; Royal ordnances ; Arbitrary measures of Ferdinand ; Advancement of prerogative ; Legal compilations ; Organization of councils ; Legal profession advanced ; Character of the laws ; Erroneous principles of legislation ; Principle exports ; Manufactures ; Agriculture ; Economical policy ; Internal improvements ; Increase of empire ; Government of Naples ; Revenues from the Indies ; Spirit of adventure ; Progress of discovery ; Excesses of the Spaniards ; Slavery in the colonies ; Colonial administration ; General prosperity ; Public embellishments ; Augmentation of revenue ; Increase of population ; Patriotic principle ; Chivalrous spirit of the people ; Spirit of bigotry ; Beneficent impulse ; The period of national glory