Clemens, Jeffrey. "An analysis of economic warfare." American Economic Review 103.3 (2013): 523-527.Lowe, Vaughan, and Antonios Tzanakopoulos. "Economic warfare." (2012).*BRIGHTMAN, R. (1940). (1) Economic Warfare (2) The Economic Effort of War. Nature, 145(3680), 724–725. doi:10.1038/145724a0 Fraser, E. D. G. (2011). Can economic, land use and climatic stresses lead to famine, disease, warfare and death? Using Europe’s calamitous 14th century as a parable for the modern age. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1269–1279. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.["Although many of today's ecological, climatic and socio-economic problems seem unprecedented, similar events have occurred in the past. As such, historic periods of climatic and economic volatility can be used as a way of developing frameworks for analyzing today's predicament. Western Europe's “middle ages” (circa 11–14th century) may be one such case. By the 12th century, medieval Europe had shifted from the subsistence agrarian economy that emerged following the collapse of the Roman Empire to one where spatially dispersed trade in agricultural commodities helped support a complex society that devoted considerable resources to cultural works. This shift was facilitated by new institutional arrangements centred on monastic orders that provided access to both new agricultural and food processing technologies as well as trade routes. These institutional arrangements contributed to population growth and land clearing. All of these factors increased the wealth of society but also concentrated this wealth in a small number of communities that were dependent on an ever-increasing and exploited hinterland for resources. Ultimately, this created a tightly coupled continent-wide subsistence system that was vulnerable to the weather, economic and disease shocks of the 14th century when Europe's population declined by perhaps 50%. In exploring this history, the goal of this paper is to draw on a diverse theoretical body of literature (that includes resiliency theory, landscape ecology, political science and ecological economics) to develop a series of hypotheses about how large-scale complex civilizations can become vulnerable to climate change."]Peter Gray, H., & Licklider, R. (1985). International trade warfare: Economic and political strategic considerations. European Journal of Political Economy, 1(4), 563–583. doi:10.1016/s0176-2680(85)8000["In a considerable literature on international trade warfare or economic sanctions (in addition to the other items cited in the text see Guichard, 1930; Clark, 1932; Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1938, Wu, 1952; Midlicott, 1956; Taubenfeld, 1964; Galtung, 1967; Adler-Karlsson, 1968; Wallensteen, 1968; Freedman, 1970, Doxey, 1971; and Baldwin, 1984), two general points of agreement can be discerned: economic sanctions have rarely been successful in altering the policies of the target state; and, despite this, sanctions continue to be used extensively as a tool in international affairs. Moreover, there seems to be no general agreement over the reasons for the lack of effectiveness of sanctions or for the continuing use of a weapon that has such a dismal performance record."]Grove, E. (2012). Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War. The RUSI Journal, 157(4), 100–100. doi:10.1080/03071847.2012.7142Economic Warfare and National Effort. (1940). Nature, 145(3671), 361–363. doi:10.1038/145361a0 Lutz, J. M., & Lutz, B. J. (2006). Terrorism as Economic Warfare. Global Economy Journal, 6(2). doi:10.2202/1524-5861.1113 ["The choice of targets for terrorist attacks is often considered to be random or illogical. In other cases targets are seen as being chosen for their symbolic importance to the audience the terrorists are seeking to reach or to indicate that no area of the country is safe. Terrorist groups, however, also choose their targets because of the economic impact that the attacks will have. There are patterns in economic attacks since different groups choose different kinds of targets. There may be increases in economic targeting, especially in the tourism sector where attacks create economic hardship and to reduce revenues for the governments. Foreign investment projects have also become frequent targets because of their economic potential for increasing government capacities. Trade activities and foreign aid projects have also become targets. In an increasingly global economy, such attacks have an even greater potential for destabilization effects."]Morgan-Owen, D. (2013). Preparing for Blockade, 1885-1914: Naval contingency for economic warfare. The Mariner’s Mirror, 99(4), 489–490. doi:10.1080/00253359.2013.84858Cohen, D. (2012). The links between trade, disease and economic warfare. New Scientist, 215(2883), 47. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(12)6245Salmon, Patrick. "British Plans for Economic Warfare against Germany 1937-1939: The Problem of Swedish Iron Ore." journal of Contemporary History 16.1 (1981): 53-72.Brown, P. M. (1917). Economic Warfare. The American Journal of International Law, 11(4), 847. doi:10.2307/2188211 ["President Wilson, in his reply of August 27th to the peace proposals of His Holiness the Pope, firmly positioned himself against 'the establishment of selfish and exclusive economic leagues,' punitive damages, and the dismemberment of empires. He regarded these actions as 'inexpedient and ultimately more harmful than beneficial, providing no suitable foundation for any type of peace, least of all a lasting one. True peace must be grounded in justice, fairness, and the universal rights of humanity.' It's important to note that this statement should not be interpreted as a condemnation of the Economic Conference of the Allied Powers held in Paris in June 1916. That conference was convened with the explicit goal of safeguarding against the Teutonic Powers' plans for 'an economic struggle that would not only persist beyond the reestablishment of peace but, at that very moment, would gain momentum and intensity.'"]Nirwandy, N., & Awang, A. A. (2014). Conceptualizing Public Diplomacy Social Convention Culinary: Engaging Gastro Diplomacy Warfare for Economic Branding. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 325–332. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.038 Tsokhas, Kosmas. "British Economic Warfare in the Far East and the Australian Wool Industry." The Agricultural History Review (1993): 44-59.Normand, R. (2000). Israel’s Accountability for Economic Warfare. Middle East Report, (217), 32. doi:10.2307/1520172 Pumphrey, L. M. (1942). Economic Warfare Tactics. Military Affairs, 6(1), 7. doi:10.2307/1983173 Pumphrey, L. M. (1941). Planning for Economic Warfare. Military Affairs, 5(3), 145. doi:10.2307/2937583 Hohn, U. (1994). The Bomber’s Baedeker -target book for strategic bombing in the Economic Warfare against German Towns 1943?45. GeoJournal, 34(2), 213–230. doi:10.1007/bf00813827 TAYLOR, G. D. (1984). The Axis Replacement Program: Economic Warfare and the Chemical Industry in Latin America, 1942?44. Diplomatic History, 8(2), 145–164. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1984.t["The Second World War produced an unprecedented expansion of government intervention in the affairs of international business. In earlier conflicts, particularly during the First World War, such instrumentsof economic warfare as blockades, blacklists of enemy shipping, and the confiscation of enemy property had been effectively employed. From 1939to 1945, economic controls over international commerce were extended by both Axis and Allied governments,including restrictionson internationalcommunications,the flow of technical information, and private access to strategic raw materials. The movements of bank deposits, loans, and security investments across borders were subjected to intense scrutiny and tight restrictionsby the warring nations. Patterns of international trade and investment were altered significantly by these wide-ranging measures.'"]engel, jeffrey a. (2005). Of Fat and Thin Communists: Diplomacy and Philosophy in Western Economic Warfare Strategies toward China (and Tyrants, Broadly)*. Diplomatic History, 29(3), 445–474. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00dobson, alan p. (2005). The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close Down the Cold War*. Diplomatic History, 29(3), 531–556. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00THE PLACE OF WARFARE IN THE ECONOMIC CONCEPTIONS OF THE 16th?18th CENTURIES: About a book recently published. (1940). Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 16(1), 21–30. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1940.tDutko, T. F., & Allen, R. L. (1961). Soviet Economic Warfare. Military Affairs, 25(2), 107. doi:10.2307/1984999 Sweeney, J. K. (1974). The Portuguese Wolfram Embargo: A Case Study in Economic Warfare. Military Affairs, 38(1), 23. doi:10.2307/1987327 Allen, R. L. (1959). State Trading and Economic Warfare. Law and Contemporary Problems, 24(2), 256. doi:10.2307/1190336 Marer, P. (1972). Economic Warfare In The Communist Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure Against Yugoslavia, Albania, and Communist China. By Robert Owen Freedman. New York, Washington, London: Praeger Publishers, 1970. xvi, 192 pp. $14.00. Slavic Review, 31(02), 464–465. doi:10.2307/2494384 Bidwell, P. W. (1942). Our Economic Warfare. Foreign Affairs, 20(3), 421. doi:10.2307/20029165 M., W. H. (1940). Economic Warfare with Japan or a New Treaty? Foreign Affairs, 18(2), 366. doi:10.2307/20029006 Adams, G. P., & Basch, A. (1943). The New Economic Warfare. Slavonic and East European Review. American Series, 2(1), 282. doi:10.2307/3020166 Ingimundarson, V. (1999). Buttressing the West in the North: The Atlantic Alliance, Economic Warfare, and the Soviet Challenge in Iceland, 1956–1959. The International History Review, 21(1), 80–103. doi:10.1080/07075332.1999.964085Meisels, T. (2011). ECONOMIC WARFARE – THE CASE OF GAZA. Journal of Military Ethics, 10(2), 94–109. doi:10.1080/15027570.2011.593712 Hendry, J. B. (1962). Economic Development under Conditions of Guerrilla Warfare: The Case of Viet Nam. Asian Survey, 2(4), 1–12. doi:10.2307/3023434 Jurado-Sánchez, J., & Jerez-Méndez, M. (2012). Warfare, Economic Performance And The Struggle For World Hegemony In The Early Modern Period: Guns Versus Butter In Eighteenth-Century Britain And Spain. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(4), 389–412. doi:10.1080/10242694.2011.62696Seibold, M. (2013). Tor Egil Førland,Cold Economic Warfare: CoCom and the Forging of Strategic Export Controls, 1948–1954. Intelligence and National Security, 28(5), 754–756. doi:10.1080/02684527.2012.7550Caruana, Leonard, and Hugh Rockoff. "A Wolfram in Sheep's Clothing: Economic Warfare in Spain, 1940–1944." The Journal of Economic History 63.1 (2003): 100-126.Anand, V. (2000). Iraq under siege: Human costs of economic warfare. Strategic Analysis, 24(2), 301–313. doi:10.1080/09700160008455214 O’Leary, J. P. (1985). Economic warfare and strategic economics. Comparative Strategy, 5(2), 179–206. doi:10.1080/01495938508402688Brito, D. L., & Intriligator, M. D. (1990). An economic model of guerrilla warfare. International Interactions, 15(3-4), 319–329. doi:10.1080/03050629008434736Air Power in Economic Warfare. (1949). Royal United Services Institution. Journal, 94(576), 572–575. doi:10.1080/03071844909419587 Førland, T. E. (1990). An Act of Economic Warfare? The Dispute over NATO’s Embargo Resolution, 1950–1951. The International History Review, 12(3), 490–513. doi:10.1080/07075332.1990.96405Christopher, D. (1983). Warfare, planning and economic relations. Economy and Society, 12(1), 109–128. doi:10.1080/03085148300000010 Plaut, S. E. (1981). Economic Warfare: Costs or Benefits? The Washington Quarterly, 4(2), 190–195. doi:10.1080/01636608109451782Vickers, C. G. (1943). Economic Warfare. Royal United Services Institution. Journal, 88(549), 14–22. doi:10.1080/03071844309433858 Hitch, C. J., & Jack, D. T. (1941). Studies in Economic Warfare. The Economic Journal, 51(201), 137. doi:10.2307/2225665 Hamilton, C. I. (2014). Cobb, S. (2013).Preparing for Blockade 1885–1914: Naval Contingency for Economic Warfare Robb-Webb, J. (2013).The British Pacific Fleet: Experience and Legacy, 1944–50. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 25(3), 553–557. doi:10.1080/09592296.2014.9362H. W. A. (1942). The New Economic Warfare. International Affairs, 19(10), 545–545. doi:10.2307/3025807 Wolfson, M. (1985). Notes on Economic Warfare. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 8(2), 1–19. doi:10.1177/073889428500800201 Førland, T. E. (1993). The History of Economic Warfare: International Law, Effectiveness, Strategies. Journal of Peace Research, 30(2), 151–162. doi:10.1177/002234339303000200Shubik, M., & Verkerke, J. H. (1989). Open Questions in Defense Economics and Economic Warfare. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 33(3), 480–499. doi:10.1177/0022002789033003006 HAWKINS, R. A. (2004). Alan P. Dobson, US Economic Statecraft for Survival 1933–1991: Of Sanctions, Embargoes and Economic Warfare (London and New York: Routledge, 2002, £70.00). Pp. 376. ISBN 0 415 28184 9. Journal of American Studies, 38(2), 356–356. doi:10.1017/s0021875804288685 Gordon, M. S. (1942). BASCH, ANTONÍN. The New Economic Warfare. Pp. xvi, 190. New York: Columbia University Press, 1941. $1.75. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 220(1), 205–206. doi:10.1177/000271624222000125Triska, J. F. (1961). Conflict and integration in the communist bloc: a review. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 5(4), 418–428. doi:10.1177/002200276100500412 Wolfson, M., & Farrell, J. P. (1989). Foundations of A Theory of Economic Warfare and Arms Control. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 10(2), 47–75. doi:10.1177/07388942890100020Rusinow, D. (1972). Economic Warfare in the Communist Bloc: A Study of Soviet Economic Pressure Against Yugoslavia, Albania, and Communist China. By Freedman Robert Owen. (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970. Pp. 210. $14.00.). American Political Science Review, 66(02), 673–675. doi:10.2307/1957865 Rotte, R. (1998). Global Warfare, Economic Loss and the Outbreak of the Great War. War in History, 5(4), 481–493. doi:10.1177/096834459800500405 KARAMAN, K. K., & PAMUK, Ş. (2013). Different Paths to the Modern State in Europe: The Interaction Between Warfare, Economic Structure, and Political Regime. American Political Science Review, 107(03), 603–626. doi:10.1017/s0003055413000312 LEITZ, C. (1998). “More carrot than stick”, British Economic Warfare and Spain, 1941-1944. Twentieth Century British History, 9(2), 246–273. doi:10.1093/tcbh/9.2.246 Culbertson, W. S. (1942). Total Economic Warfare. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 222(1), 8–12. doi:10.1177/000271624222200103 ["MODERN war is fought on three major fronts: (1) the front of the military, naval, and air conflict; (2) the psychological front, which includes morale and propaganda; and (3) the economic front, which bulks so large and so important in modern war. Total war is successful and effective if it integrates and makes a unit of these three fronts."]FØRLAND, T. E. (1991). `Economic Warfare’ and `Strategic Goods’: A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing COCOM. Journal of Peace Research, 28(2), 191–204. doi:10.1177/0022343391028002005 O’Brien, P. K. (1996). Global Warfare and Long-Term Economic Development, 1789-1939. War in History, 3(4), 437–450. doi:10.1177/096834459600300405 Killick, J. R. (2004). US Economic Statecraft for Survival, 1933-1991: Of Sanctions, Embargoes and Economic Warfare. The English Historical Review, 119(481), 565–566. doi:10.1093/ehr/119.481.565 Neff, S. C. (1989). Boycott and the Law of Nations: Economic Warfare and Modern International Law in Historical Perspective. British Yearbook of International Law, 59(1), 113–149. doi:10.1093/bybil/59.1.113 Coogan, J. W. (2015). The Short-War Illusion Resurrected: The Myth of Economic Warfare as the British Schlieffen Plan. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38(7), 1045–1064. doi:10.1080/01402390.2015.1005451 Dobson, A. P. (1988). The Kennedy administration and economic warfare against communism. International Affairs, 64(4), 599–616. doi:10.2307/2626045 "Economic Warfare: British Measures against Germany." Bulletin of International News, vol. 16, no. 25, 16 Dec. 1939, pp. 14-15. Royal Institute of International Affairs.*Burton, Ann M. "British Evangelicals, Economic Warfare and the Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1794-1810." Anglican and Episcopal History 65.2 (1996): 197-225.Weintraub, S. (1942). Price Cutting and Economic Warfare. Southern Economic Journal, 8(3), 309. doi:10.2307/1052611 Dalton, R. W. (1940). Economic Warfare. The Australian Quarterly, 12(2), 33. doi:10.2307/20630840 *Will Health Care Economic Information Lead to Therapeutic-Class Warfare or Welfare? (1998). Harvard Law Review, 111(8), 2384. doi:10.2307/1342465 Keman, Hans. "ECONOMIC DECLINE, COLD WAR STRUCTURE & THE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN WELFARE AND WARFARE IN 17 CAPITALIST DEMOCRACIES." Current Research on Peace and Violence 8.1 (1985): 24-36.----Note:These types of serious games can often lead to drastic escalations, and military confrontation both at the level of powerful states, and individual actors (microviolence.) The US is notorious for it's use of ethically questionable tactics, which can lead to subpar outcomes; and ultimately may be described as a dillema between accomodation and repression. These issues are covered by Betty Glad in her paper "When Tyrants Go Too Far." Foundations of Threat Management (FTA-00*) also discussed these concerns as it regards catalytic issues management.The construction of such models, for application, require tremendous resources such as large data sets, and analytics capabilities.It is possible these problems of escalation were anticipated while modeling US International Political Economy goals for the 21st century, leading to the creation of the Patriot Act, to address an anticipated rise in microviolence in response to an escalation of repressive regime tactics; toward economic efficiency. Also see Manpower (Arbeitskraft) & National Security for more information on the philosophy underlying these themes. Decisions to use such tactics are also dependent on the conditional viability of a state, or actor.In practice these policies take on the form of race warfare, whereas the anglo-saxon european-american polity has formed a coalition with western europe while it wages economic war against the non-white world. These policies can be seen both through the Marshal Plan, Operation Alliance and Borrel's comments about 'the jungle' regarding Europe's continued racial supremacist policies toward the rest of the world, post-wwii.These policies are in place while the UKUSA alliance actively targets the functional literacy (eg. humanities) and leadership of these countries, and assume the rest of the world will never catch up. Such a policy creates distinct economic classes based on race; mirroring policies of 16th century Europe and beyond.Domestic policies in the US (polyethnic society) regarding equitable accesss (human capital gap) to education, health care, and demands for military service, support these racial supremacist international policiies. Monoethnic societies in Europe do not face the same domestic pressures when supporting such policies. ----Also see:[Energy Security][Resource Redistribution][Global Change Research][Energy Security][Resource Redistribution][Global Change Research][Seige Warfare][Cybernetics][Bretton Woods][European Coal & Steel community (EU)]Adelman, Morris A. "Politics, economics, and world oil." The American Economic Review 64.2 (1974): 58-67.*Corrigan, Richard. "Economic war over oil also looms at the state level." Natl. J.;(United States) 11 (1979).*["An amendment to the windfall profits tax bill sponsored by Sen. John C. Danforth, R-MO, was tabled by a vote of 65-28 on December 15, 1979. His amendment focused on the tremendous windfall gains of a handful of oil-producing states with phased-out price controls. In all, the states will be enriched by $94.5 billion in increased taxes and $33.1 billion in extra royalty income from oil-producing properties on state-owned land over the next decade. Four states - Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Texas - will collect an additional $106.1 billion in taxes and royalties. Danforth, supported by regional and labor officials who fear that decontrol will widen the gap between the energy have and have-not states, addressed one part of the problem in his amendment: the added royalties that would accrue to a few states. His amendment would have subjected the additional royalties to the windfall tax, bringing out $12.4 billion into the US Treasury that the states otherwise would keep. Congressional action on the bill is followed."]Painter, David S. "From linkage to economic warfare: Energy, Soviet–American relations, and the end of the cold war." Cold War Energy: A Transnational History of Soviet Oil and Gas (2017): 283-318.*["The policy of détente during the late 1960s and early 1970s opened up new prospects for Western–USSR cooperation, namely in the area of energy. US companies were at the forefront in exploring large investment options in the case of West Siberian gas. These projects failed, however, due to strong US domestic political opposition and a general worsening of US–USSR relations in the second half of the 1970s. Instead, military buildup and economic containment, including sanctions on pipeline technology, were to become the driving policies during the Reagan era, aiming at a weakening of the Soviet Union’s potential. In vain did Washington seek to obstruct the Europeans from building up their energy partnership with Moscow. The Soviet economy had already experienced first economic turbulences in the early 1980s, but when the price of oil fell in the mid-1980s, the country’s foreign currency reserves dwindled and the crisis worsened. When the Soviet Union eventually broke up in 1991, the so-called “Reagan victory school” saw this as, in retrospect, a vindication of Washington’s policy. In contrast, this chapter argues that US policies were not the main cause of the collapse in the oil price. In a longer perspective, by choosing confrontation over cooperation, the US not only exacerbated Cold War tensions and damaged relations with its allies, but also missed an opportunity to set in motion processes that might have ended the Cold War and facilitated reform in the Soviet Union without creating conditions that led to instability and future animosity."]Mattingly, Phil, 'They're like our nerd warriors': How the Treasury Department is waging economic war on Russia," CNN, 17 June 2022.["...a new era of economic warfare is underway. It's being waged by government lawyers, accountants, economists and finance whizzes toiling away in secure rooms lining the bowels of the Treasury Building and in the quiet confines of offices accessible by an underground tunnel just across Pennsylvania Avenue."]Planning & Organizing the Postwar Period https://archive.org/details/dulles-eleanor-lansing-papersUnited States Cabinet Task Force on Oil Import Control https://archive.org/details/oil-imports-and-national-security-the-legal-and-policy-framework/David Cottier: International Political Economy (Energy Security) https://archive.org/details/cottier_david_ipe_energy/Conditional Viability & Power (International Bargaining): Problems of Negotiation https://archive.org/details/conditional_viability_states_bargaining-problems/