xxix, 713 pages ; 24 cm This book provides a comprehensive and compelling overview of what psychological theory and research have to say about the nature, causes, and reduction of prejudice and discrimination. It balances a detailed discussion of theories and selected research with applied examples that ensure the material is relevant to students. This edition addresses several interlocking themes, such as research methods, the development of prejudice in children, the relationship between prejudice and discrimination, and discrimination in the workplace Includes bibliographical references (pages 592-680) and indexes 1. Introducing the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination : Race and culture : Historical views of ethnic groups ; Cultural influences on perceptions of race and ethnicity ; Group privilege ; Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination : Interpersonal discrimination ; Organizational discrimination ; Institutional discrimination ; Cultural discrimination -- The relationships among stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination : Targets of prejudice ; Racism ; Gender and sexual orientation ; Age, ability, and appearance ; Classism ; Religion -- Theories of prejudice and discrimination : Scientific racism ; Psychodynamic theory ; Sociocultural theory ; Intergroup relations theory ; Cognitive theory ; Evolutionary theory -- Where do we go from here? -- 2. How psychologists study prejudice and discrimination : Formulating hypotheses -- Measuring stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination : Reliability and validity ; Self-report measures : Assessing stereotypes; Assessing prejudice; Assessing behavior; Advantages and limitations ; Unobtrusive measures ; Physiological measures ; Implicit cognition measures ; Self-report versus physiological and implicit cognition measures ; Using multiple measures -- Research strategies : Correlational studies : Survey research; The correlation coefficient; Correlation and causality; Experiments : Experimentation and causality; Laboratory experiments; Field experiments; Individual difference variables within experiments ; Ethnographic studies ; Content analysis ; Using multiple research strategies ; Meta-analysis -- Drawing conclusions : Were the hypotheses supported? ; What do the data mean? ; Verifying results -- Theory and application -- 3. Social categorization and stereotypes : Social categorization : Why we categorize ; Types of categorization : Basic social categories; Subtypes -- Factors that affect categorization : Protypicality; Situational influences; Level of prejudice -- Consequences of categorization : Ingroups and outgroups ; Ingroup overexclusion -- Origins of stereotypes : The outgroup homogeneity effect : Reasons for the outgroup homogeneity effect ; The cross-racial identification bias; The ultimate attribution error ; Social role theory ; Illusory correlations -- Transmission of stereotypic beliefs : The Media ; Language and stereotype transmission : Linguistic intergroup bias; Stereotype communication -- Stereotype accuracy : Defining accuracy ; The risks of assuming accuracy -- 4. Stereotypes activation and application : Stereotype activation : Autonomic activation : Protypicality; Situational context; Prejudice; Cognitive busyness ; Motivated activation : Comprehension; Self-enhancement; Social adjustment; Motivation to control prejudice; Stereotype relevance ; The activated stereotype -- Stereotype application : Motivation to inhibit stereotyping : Motivation to control prejudice; Comprehension goals; Cognitive style; Self-protection and self-enhancement goals; Social power ; Ability to inhibit stereotyping -- Consequences of stereotype use : Biased Interpretation of behavior ; Biased evaluation : Individuals; Cultural artifacts -- Stereotype maintenance and change : Lay theories of personality ; Self-fulfilling prophecies ; Models of stereotype change ; Functions of stereotypes : Ego-defensive function; Social adjustment function ; The five Ds of difference -- 5. Old-fashioned and contemporary forms of prejudice : The transformation of prejudice ; Prejudice continues ; But only bad people are prejudiced ; So "they" should stop complaining ; Theories of contemporary prejudice -- Implicit prejudice -- Modern-symbolic prejudice : Characteristics of modern-symbolic prejudice ; Psychological bases of aversive prejudice; Modern-symbolic prejudice and behavior; Concluding comments -- Aversive prejudice : Characteristics of aversive prejudice ; Psychological bases of aversive prejudice ; Research of aversive prejudice ; Aversive prejudice and behavior : Avoidance of intergroup contact; Overly positive intergroup behavior; Pro-White bias; Anti-minority discrimination; Derogation of higher-status minority group members -- Ambivalent prejudice : Ambivalent attitudes ; Psychological conflict ; Response amplification ; The problem of benevolent prejudice -- Putting the theories together -- 6. Individual differences and prejudice : Personal values : Value orientations : Individualism; Egalitarianism ; Perceived value differences : The attribution-value model; Terror management theory ; Religion : Religious involvement; Intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation; Quest orientation; Religious fundamentalism; Conclusions -- Social ideologies : Authoritarianism : The authoritarian personality; Right-wing authoritarianism ; Social dominance orientation : Social dominance orientation and prejudice; Social dominance orientation and authoritarianism ; Political orientation : Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation; Personal values; Value conflicts and bipartisan prejudice -- Emotions : Emotions and stereotyping ; Emotions and prejudice : From stereotypes to emotions; From emotions to behavior; Individual differences in emotions ; Intergroup anxiety ; Empathy 7. The development of prejudice in children : Awareness of social categories : Implicit awareness of social categories ; Explicit awareness of social categories -- Patterns of prejudice development : Racial/ethnic prejudice : Majority-group children's attitudes; Minority-group children's attitudes; Intergroup behavior ; Gender prejudice : Young children's attitudes; Older children's attitudes; Intergroup behavior ; Sexual orientation prejudice -- Process of prejudice development : Genetic influences ; Cognitive development ; Social learning : Parental influence; Peer influence; Media influence ; Developmental intergroup theory : Developing category rules; Categorization; Development of stereotypes and prejudice; The drop-off in prejudice ; So where does prejudice come from? -- Reducing children's prejudice school desegregation : Desegregation versus integration; Long-term versus short-term effects ; Cooperative learning ; Educational interventions -- 8 . The social context of prejudice : Social identity theory : Social identity and intergroup bias : The categorization-competition hypothesis; The self-esteem hypothesis ; Factors that influence social identity : Self-categorization; Optimal distinctiveness; Threat to the group; Chronic social identities; Individual differences ; Issues in social identity theory : Ingroup favoritism versus outgroup derogation; Social identity and intergroup tolerance; National identity ; Looking back at social identity theory -- Relative deprivation theory : Relative deprivation, dissatisfaction, and resentment ; Relative deprivation and prejudice ; Relative gratification -- Realistic conflict theory : The work of Muzafer Sherif ; Contemporary views of intergroup competition : Situational antecedents; Ideological antecedents; Psychological effects; Intergroup consequences -- Integrated threat theory -- Hate group membership : Why people join hate groups : Racial attitudes; A search for answers; Myths concerning hate group members ; Recruiting hate group members ; Group socialization : The socialization process; The outcomes of socialization ; Leaving the group : Disenchantment with the group; Relationships outside the group -- From prejudice to discrimination : What is discrimination? : Blatant discrimination ; Subtle discrimination ; Microaggressions ; Covert discrimination -- Interpersonal discrimination : The relation between prejudice and discrimination : Personal stereotypes; Attitude-behavior correspondence; Perceived social support ; Motivation to control prejudice : Internal and external motivation; Restraint motivation; The development of motivation to control prejudice; Social norms ; Losing control: regressive prejudice : Controllability of behavior; Executive function; Disinhibitors; Moral credentials ; Reactions to having acted in a prejudiced manner -- Discrimination in the workplace : Organizational research : Hiring; Performance evaluation and promotion ; Individuals in the workplace : Stereotype fit; Shifting standards; Contemporary prejudice; Conformity to perceived norms ; Hate crimes : Hate crime offenders ; Motivations for hate crimes : Intergroup attitudes; Thrill seeking; Ingroup defense; Peer group dynamics; Normalization ; Effects on victims -- 10. The experience of discrimination : Social stigma : What defines a stigmatized group? : Course; Concealability; Aesthetic qualities; Origin; Danger ; Stigma by association ; Tokenism -- Responses to prejudice and discrimination : Personal/group discrimination discrepancy : Cognitive explanations; Motivational explanations ; The costs and benefits of claiming discrimination : Recognizing discrimination; Willingness to confront discrimination; The social cost of claiming discrimination; Claims of discrimination by ingroup members; Strategies for confronting discrimination -- Consequences of prejudice for the target : Stereotype threat : Key features of stereotype threat; Individual differences; Psychological processes affecting stereotype threat; Reducing stereotype threat; Stereotype lift ; Vulnerability to stress : Minority stress model; Indirect effects of minority stress ; Threats to self-esteem -- Coping with discrimination : Psychological disengagement and disidentification ; Behavioral compensation -- 11. Gender and sexual orientation : Gender-based stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination : Gender stereotypes : How widespread are gender-stereotypic beliefs?; Accuracy of gender-associated beliefs; Change over time ; Attitudes toward women and men : Subtypes of women and men; Attitudes toward women's rights and responsibilities; Hostile and benevolent sexism ; Women in the workplace ; Role congruity theory; Women in faculty roles ; Consequences for girls' and women's career choices ; The male gender role -- Heterosexism and sexual prejudice : Stereotypes of lesbians and gay men ; Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men : Gender differences in anti-gay prejudice; Attitudes toward bisexual men and women ; Heterosexism in the workplace ; Coming out ; Prejudice against transgender people -- 12. Age, ability, and appearance : Ageism : When does old age begin? ; Beliefs about older adults : The forgetfulness stereotype; Fear of death and dying; Subtypes of older adults; The double standard of aging ; Age-based discrimination : Media portrayals of older adults; Workplace discrimination; Communication with older adults; Health care for older adults ; The effects of self-stereotyping -- Ability : Defining disability ; The stigma of disability : Attitudes toward PWDs; Employment discrimination; Anxiety about interacting with PWDs; Communication between PWDs and the nondisabled ; Mental illness : Perceived controllability and dangerousness; The experience of mental illness discrimination; Consequences of mental health stigma -- Appearance : Physical attractiveness : Gender, age, and physical appearance; The benefits to being physically attractive ; Height ; Weight : Why is anti-fat prejudice acceptable?; The social consequences of anti-fat prejudice -- 13. Reducing prejudice and discrimination : Individual level processes : Stereotype suppression : Stereotype rebound; Why do stereotypes rebound? ; Is stereotype rebound inevitable? ; Self-regulation : Developing cues for controlling prejudice; Using cues to control prejudice; Automatic control of prejudice; Self-regulation in action -- Intergroup contact theory : Conditions for success : Equal status; Cooperation; Acquaintance potential; Institutional support ; Effectiveness of intergroup contact : Types of changes produced; Limiting factors ; Indirect contact : Extended contact; Imagined contact; Media contact ; From personalization to common social identity ; Personalization; Attitude generalization; Common social identity; Other aspects of the model -- Workplace interventions : Affirmative action ; Valuing diversity ; Managing diversity -- Racial color-blindness and its alternatives : The color-blind perspective ; The assimilationist perspective ; The multicultural perspective ; The polycultural perspective ; Comparing the perspectives -- What you can do to reduce prejudice : Influencing your own attitudes : Reflect on your thoughts and behavior; Put intergroup contact theory Into practice ; Influencing other people's attitudes : Help people become aware of their attitudes and behavior; Encourage intergroup contact; Help others become better informed; Be a role model for your children or younger siblings -- Envoi