C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design Eighth EditionD.S. MalikCopyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition D.S. Malik Senior Product Director: Kathleen McMahon© 2018, 2015, 2013 Cengage Learning® ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the ­copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Product Team Leader: Kristin McNary Associate Product Manager: Kate Mason Associate Content Development ­Manager: Alyssa Pratt Production Director: Patty Stephan Senior Content Project Manager: Jennifer Feltri-GeorgeFor product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com.Manufacturing Planner: Julio Esperas Art Director/Cover Design: Diana GrahamLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2016960054Production Service/Composition: SPi GlobalISBN: 978-1-337-10208-7Cover Photo: Cebas/Shutterstock.comCengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Unless otherwise noted all items © Cengage Learning. Unless otherwise noted, all screenshots are ©Microsoft. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning ­solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Any fictional data related to persons or companies or URLs used throughout this book is intended for instructional purposes only. At the time this book was printed, any such data was fictional and not belonging to any real persons or companies. The programs in this book are for instructional purposes only. They have been tested with care, but are not guaranteed for any particular intent beyond educational purposes. The author and the publisher do not offer any warranties or representations, nor do they accept any liabilities with respect to the programs.Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203