How to Program and Interface the 6800By Andrew C. Staugaard, Jr.Published 1980.  Fourth Edition, 1982.Blacksburg Continuing Education Series. 21684.ISBN: 0-672-21684-1Description from the Back of the BookThis book has been written to provide the reader with an in-depth introduction to microprocessors/microcomputers in general and the Motorola 6800 microprocessor family in particular. The first chapter is a discussion of fundamental microprocessor concepts. The second chapter covers the Heath ET3400 and Motorola MEK6800D2 microcomputer learning systems used for the various experiments that are presented throughout the book. These experiments have been provided to demonstrate "real world" applications for the concepts being presented. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 discuss the internal structure, instruction set, and programming techniques for the 6800.Chapter 6 covers 6800 input/output and the seventh chapter discusses interfacing the 6800 with memory. The 6820/6821 peripheral interface adapter is covered in Chapter 8. The topic for the final chapter is 6800 system interfacing. Review questions and answers are provided at the end of each chapter to test the reader on the material presented in that chapter. Appendices A and B provide a review of digital-electronics concepts and number systems for those who need to "brush-up" on this material.About the AuthorAndrew C. Staugaard. Jr. is an experienced engineer/educator in the field of microelectronics. He is presently Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Jamestown Community College, a State University of New York campus. In 1977 he was the recipient of the Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching at Jamestown Community College.Prior to entering the education field, Professor Staugaard was employed as a quality engineer in microelectronics processing by the Bendix Corporation, Kansas City Division. He is coauthor of monthly columns on the Motorola 6800 chip family that appear in several U.S. and foreign magazinesPrefaceIn the past few years, we have experienced a revolution in electronic computer technology that began with the introduction of the first microprocessor in 1971. This revolution was made possible by an integrated-circuit technology called large scale integration (LSI), which is the ability to pack thousands of transistor devices within a small silicon "chip." As a result of this technology, we have seen circuit complexity and capability double each year with this pace expected to continue for the foreseeable future by the introduction of circuits utilizing very-large scale integration (VLSI) and super-large scale integration (SLSI). These new integration technologies have not only increased circuit capabilities, but have surprisingly and dramatically reduced circuit costs. Products such as appliances, instrumentation, toys, games, etc., which could never possess a computer "intelligence" because the cost was prohibitive, are now being marketed with microcomputer control at minimum cost. One of the first microprocessor applications was the electronic calculator industry. In the past years, we have seen calculator capabilities go up and cost come down. Not only are microprocessors finding widespread use in these products, but they have also spawned a hobby computer market. Full computer systems are now available for less than half the price of a new automobile—something unheard of 10 years ago.After the introduction of the first microprocessor chip by the Intel Corporation, many semiconductor companies introduced their own microprocessors. Three leading chips emerged: the Motorola 6800, Intel 8080, and Zilog Z-80. Each of these is an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) that requires external memory and i/o circuitry to function as a microcomputer. However, we are now witnessing a surge of "computer-on-a-chip" devices that contain all the logic, memory, and i/o capability for a small microcomputer in one integrated circuit package.Motorola, at the time of this writing, is the only company that has developed these new chips around its standard 6800 architecture.The 6800 "family" now ranges from an advanced microprocessor, the 6809, to a complete single-chip microcomputer, the 6801. This broad range of software compatibility, which is not currently available within the 8080 and Z-80 chip families, is highly desirable since it permits one to meet a wide variety of application requirements. This was one of the important reasons for the decision by General Motors and the Ford Motor Co. to incorporate the 6800 family of microprocessors/microcomputers into their new cars.In this book, we will provide you with an introduction to the world of microprocessors/microcomputers via the Motorola 6800. It begins with microprocessor/microcomputer concepts and, therefore, assumes the reader has a basic understanding of number systems and digital electronic concepts. However, this prerequisite material is presented in Appendix A and Appendix B for the reader who might need some "brushing-up" or is not familiar with these concepts. The first chapters of the book discuss the 6800 internal structure, instruction set, and programming techniques. The final chapters are devoted to the 6800 hardware and interfacing techniques.The book is meant to be a tutorial type of text for an introduction to the 6800 or microprocessors/microcomputers in general. Review questions and answers are provided after each chapter. In addition, there are over 30 "hands-on" experiments provided throughout the text that demonstrate "real-world" applications. The experiments are written around the Heath ET3400 microcomputer learning system and the Motorola MEK6800D2 evaluation kit. Applications are stressed throughout the text and are especially evident in the chapters on interfacing where the reader learns how to construct a minimum workable 6800 system and interface that system to switches, keyboards, displays, digital-to-analog converters, and analog-to-digital converters.Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to Dave Larsen of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University whose encouragement to write on the Motorola chip line led to this book and to Jon Titus of Tychon, Inc., whose many suggestions have contributed to the final product. In addition, I must thank my wife, Janet, for her talent with a typewriter and to one of my students, Sandy Trentini, whose talent at the drawing board is evident in most of the text illustrations.Andrew C. Staugaard, Jr.Table of ContentsChapter 1 - Fundamental Microprocessor ConceptsIntroductionObjectivesMicroprocessor/Microcomputer BasicsBasic 6800 Chip Structure6800 Fetch and ExecuteReview QuestionsAnswersChapter 2 - Heath ET3400 and Motorola Mek6800 Microcomputer Learning SystemsIntroductionObjectivesHeath ET3400 Microcomputer Learning SystemMotorola MEK6800D2 Evaluation KitExperiment Instructions and FormatExperimentsCHAPTER 3 - 6800 Arithmetic, Logic, and Data-Handling InstructionsIntroductionObjectives6800 Data Transfer6800 Arithmetic Instructions6800 Logic InstructionsReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsChapter 4 - Condition Code Register and Data Shifting/Comparing/TestingIntroductionObjectivesCondition Code RegisterData Shifting, Rotating, Comparing, and TestingReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsChapter 5 - 6800 Branching, Indexing, and StacksIntroductionObjectivesBranchingBranch InstructionsIndex Register and AddressingStacks and Stack PointerSubroutinesReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsChapter 6 - 6800 Input/OutputIntroductionObjectivesGeneral I/O ConceptsDecodingI/O Techniques6800 InterruptsPin AssignmentsReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsChapter 7 - Interfacing with MemoryIntroductionObjectivesMemory TechnologyInterfacing With Read/Write MemoryMCM6810 R/W Memory2112 R/W MemoryInterfacing With Read-Only Memory (ROM)MCM68708 (Intel 2708) EPROMReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsChapter 8 - The 6820/6821 Peripheral Interface AdapterIntroductionObjectives6821 Functional DescriptionPIA Interfacing and AddressingPIA Initialization and ServicingReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsChapter 9 - 6800 System InterfacingIntroductionObjectivesInterfacing with SwitchesInterfacing with KeyboardsInterfacing with DisplaysInterfacing with Digital-to-Analog ConvertersInterfacing with Analog-to-Digital ConvertersReview QuestionsAnswersExperimentsAppendix A - Digital ReviewBasic Logic GatesFlip-FlopsAppendix B - Number Systems and Computer ArithmeticNumber SystemsDigital Computer ArithmeticAppendix C - 6800 Instruction SetSymbol Definitions and NomenclatureExecutable InstructionsAppendix D - Specification SheetsMC6800/MC6800C - MicroprocessorMCM6810A/MCM6810C - 128 x 8-Bit Static Random Access Memory (RAM)MC6820/MC6820C - Peripheral Interface DeviceMCM6830A - 1024 x 8-Bit Read Only Memory (ROM)MCM68708/MCM68A708 - 1024 x 8-Bit UV Erasable PROM (EPROM)2112 - 1024-Bit Static MOS RAM (256x4)MC1508/MC1408 - 8-Bit Multiplying D/A ConverterNE5018 - 8-Bit Microprocessor-Compatible D/A ConverterICL7109 - 12-Bit Binary A/D Converter for Microprocessor InterfacesIndex